Deng Xiaoping: The Man Who Rebuilt China — Fexingo History

Episoder

• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Lost Year of Soviet Friendship 05.10.2026 7min

  In 1964, Deng Xiaoping stood on the podium in Moscow to deliver a historic speech at the anniversary of the October Revolution. It was meant to be a moment of unity between Beijing and Moscow, but instead, it became a masterclass in ideological confrontation. While Nikita Khrushchev expected loyalty or at least silence, Deng delivered a withering critique of Soviet revisionism that shocked the Kremlin. This episode explores the diplomatic tightrope Deng walked during his secret 1957 trip to Moscow and how those early tensions shaped China's independent foreign policy for decades. We look at the specific phrases Deng used, the reaction from Soviet leaders like Anastas Mikoyan, and how this early rift set the stage for the Sino-Soviet split that would define the Cold War in Asia. Discover how a single speech altered the balance of power and cemented Deng's reputation as a pragmatist who refused to bow to any superpower. #DengXiaoping #SinoSovietSplit #ColdWarHistory #MoscowSpeech1964 #Khrushchev #MaoZedong #ChineseForeignPolicy #CommunistIdeology #EasternBloc #SovietUnion #Beijing #Moscow #MarxismLeninism #Revisionism #AsianColdWar #History #FexingoHistory #Geopolitics Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour and the Birth of Modern China 04.10.2026 12min

  In January 1992, at age eighty-eight, Deng Xiaoping embarked on a secret inspection tour that would redefine the People's Republic of China. This episode explores the 'Southern Tour' (Nanping Lun), where Deng bypassed ideological stalemates to champion economic reform over political purity. We trace his visits to Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shanghai, and Wuhan, focusing on his famous dictum that development is the hard truth. The narrative examines how his warnings against waiting for the perfect moment shattered the conservative grip on policy, unleashing decades of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Through the lens of this pivotal journey, we understand the human will behind China's economic miracle and the enduring legacy of his pragmatic philosophy. #DengXiaoping #SouthernTour #ChinaHistory #ReformAndOpeningUp #Shenzhen #Wuhan #Shanghai #JiangZemin #ZhuRongji #EconomicReform #ColdWar #SocialismWithChineseCharacteristics #NanpingLun #DevelopmentIsHardTruth #EastAsia #1990sChina #Urbanization #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Secret Battle for China's Grain 03.10.2026 8min

  In this episode, we move beyond the skyscrapers of Shanghai and the political maneuvers in Beijing to explore the quiet, desperate struggle that fed a nation. We examine how Deng Xiaoping’s reforms were not just economic policies but survival strategies rooted in the soil of rural China. The conversation delves into the story of Xiaogang Village and the anonymous farmers who risked their lives to sign the Bangbang Agreement, breaking decades of collective farming dogma. We discuss Wan Li, the reformist governor who protected these experiments when they should have been crushed as counter-revolutionary acts. Through detailed accounts of the household responsibility system, we uncover how permission to keep surplus grain transformed poverty into prosperity. This is a look at the human cost and courage behind the statistical rise of modern China, focusing on the seeds planted in 1978 that grew into the economic miracle of the following decades. #DengXiaoping #ChinaHistory #XiaogangVillage #WanLi #HouseholdResponsibilitySystem #GaigeKaifang #RuralReform #BangbangAgreement #1978China #CollectiveFarming #ChineseAgriculture #EconomicMiracle #EastAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ModernChina #GrainProduction #PeasantRights Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's 1984 Shanghai Urban Blueprint 02.10.2026 9min

  While Shenzhen became the face of China’s economic opening, Shanghai remained a quiet, industrial giant in the early 1980s, its potential largely dormant under Deng Xiaoping’s initial reforms. This episode explores the pivotal moment when Deng shifted his gaze from the Pearl River Delta to the Huangpu River, authorizing the massive redevelopment of Pudong. We examine the fierce internal debates within the Chinese Communist Party, where conservatives feared that Western influence would corrupt the socialist heartland. Through the lens of Zhu Rongji’s pragmatic governance and Deng’s famous Southern Tour logic applied to the north, we uncover how a simple directive to look at the Bund transformed a swampy farmland into a global financial hub. The story highlights the specific policies regarding land leasing, foreign investment zones, and the cultural anxiety that accompanied rapid urbanization. Listeners will discover how Deng balanced ideological purity with economic necessity, using Shanghai not just as an economic engine, but as a symbolic bridge between China’s revolutionary past and its capitalist future. #DengXiaoping #ShanghaiHistory #PudongDevelopment #ZhuRongji #GaigeKaifang #ChineseEconomy #UrbanPlanning #ColdWarChina #CommunistPartyHistory #HuangpuRiver #Lujiazui #SpecialEconomicZone #SinoWesternRelations #ReformEra #ChinesePolitics #EastAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's 1986 Hukou Crisis 01.10.2026 8min

  In 1986, China faced an invisible crisis that threatened to derail Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms: the rigid hukou household registration system. While Special Economic Zones were booming, millions of rural migrants flooded into cities like Shanghai without legal status, creating a shadow population that strained urban infrastructure and social stability. This episode explores the intense bureaucratic battle between reformers who wanted to loosen restrictions and conservatives who feared chaos. We look at the specific tensions in Shanghai’s Huangpu District, the role of local officials in enforcing or ignoring the rules, and how this demographic pressure forced the central government to begin the long, difficult process of modernizing China’s internal migration policies. It is a story about the human cost of rapid industrialization and the political courage required to challenge established systems. #HukouSystem #DengXiaoping #ChinaEconomicReform #ShanghaiHistory #RuralMigration #Urbanization #ChinesePolitics #HouseholdRegistration #1980sChina #GaigeKaifang #MigrantWorkers #SocialStability #EastAsianHistory #ModernChina #Bureaucracy #DemographicShift #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Hidden Battle for China's Grain 30.09.2026 9min

  While previous episodes have explored Deng Xiaoping’s architectural reforms like Shenzhen and Pudong, this episode turns to the quiet revolution in the fields. We examine the collapse of the People’s Communes and the rise of the Household Responsibility System, starting with the secret pact at Xiaogang Village in 1978. Lucas and Luna discuss how Wan Li, the Party Secretary of Anhui Province, navigated the political minefield of supporting peasants who were technically breaking socialist law. We look at the specific mechanics of xiaozu baochan, or household-based contracting, and how it shattered decades of collective farming dogma. The conversation also covers the fierce resistance from hardliners who viewed private incentives as a return to capitalism, and how Deng eventually shielded these agricultural experiments from ideological purges. Through the lens of grain yields and rural hunger, we see how a policy born in desperation became the foundation of China’s economic miracle, setting the stage for the industrial boom that followed. #DengXiaoping #ChineseHistory #AgriculturalReform #XiaogangVillage #WanLi #HouseholdResponsibilitySystem #PeopleCommunes #AnhuiProvince #RuralChina #GaigeKaifang #EconomicMiracle #FoodSecurity #SocialistPolicy #1978China #FexingoHistory #EastAsiaHistory #GrainYields #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Hidden Battle for China's Grain 29.09.2026 8min

  While we often remember Deng Xiaoping for his bold economic experiments like the Special Economic Zones and the Southern Tour, a quieter, more existential crisis loomed over his leadership in the late 1970s. This episode explores the terrifying reality of China’s food shortage and how Deng’s pragmatic decision to abandon rigid collective farming saved hundreds of millions from starvation. We dive into the story of Xiaogang Village, where eighteen farmers secretly bet their livelihoods on private plots, defying state ideology to test the small-scale household responsibility system. You will hear about the secret reports sent to Beijing, the political risks taken by local officials like Wan Li, and the eventual nationwide adoption of the xiaozu baochan system that transformed China from a famine-prone agrarian society into an agricultural powerhouse. Join us as we uncover the human stories behind the policy shifts that fed a nation. #DengXiaoping #ChineseHistory #XiaogangVillage #HouseholdResponsibilitySystem #AgriculturalReform #FaminePrevention #RuralChina #WanLi #GaigeKaifang #CollectiveFarming #SmallScaleProduction #AnhuiProvince #FoodSecurity #MaoEraEnd #EconomicReform #GrainYields #FexingoHistory #EastAsia Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour and the Birth of Modern China 28.09.2026 8min

  By early 1992, China’s economic reforms were stalled by ideological debate. Deng Xiaoping, then eighty-eight years old, embarked on a secret tour of southern cities including Wuhan, Changsha, Guangzhou, and finally Shenzhen. This episode details his 'Southern Tour,' where he delivered a series of speeches that dismantled fears of capitalism and reignited the market-oriented policies he had pioneered in the 1980s. We explore how these twelve days of travel reshaped China’s trajectory, leading to decades of explosive growth and transforming Shanghai’s Pudong district from farmland into a global financial hub. The conversation examines the political risks Deng took, the specific directives he gave to local officials, and the lasting impact of his famous assertion that wealth, not ideology, was the true measure of progress. #DengXiaoping #SouthernTour #NanpingLun #ChinaHistory #EconomicReform #Shenzhen #GuangdongProvince #PudongDevelopment #SocialismWithChineseCharacteristics #1992China #MarketEconomy #ChinesePolitics #EastAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ModernChina #Zhuhai #Wuhan #Changsha Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: How He Saved China's Reforms 27.09.2026 10min

  In early 1992, an eighty-eight-year-old Deng Xiaoping left Beijing for a surprise inspection tour of southern China. This episode traces his journey through Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai, revealing how he used this trip to silence hardliners who wanted to reverse the economic reforms known as gaige kaifang. We explore the famous 'crossing the river by feeling the stones' philosophy in action, the tension between ideology and pragmatism, and how Deng’s speeches during this tour effectively ended the debate over whether China was becoming too capitalist. By focusing on the specific interactions with local officials like Li Yining and the political risks Deng took, we see how one man’s stubborn belief in development reshaped the nation’s future. #DengXiaoping #SouthernTour #1992China #GaigeKaifang #ShenzhenHistory #ChineseEconomy #ReformAndOpeningUp #ChinesePolitics #ColdWarEnd #LiYining #ZhuRongji #Lujiazui #SocialismWithChineseCharacteristics #EastAsianHistory #ModernChina #EconomicReform #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the 1986 Hukou Crisis 26.09.2026 6min

  While earlier episodes explored Deng’s economic reforms in Shenzhen and his nuclear ambitions, this episode examines a quieter but equally transformative policy: the relaxation of the hukou household registration system. In the mid-1980s, Deng faced an internal crisis as rural migrants flooded coastal cities, challenging the rigid social controls established decades prior. We look at how Zhu Rongji and local officials navigated this tension between urban order and economic necessity, leading to the birth of China’s floating population. This conversation details the specific bureaucratic battles in Shanghai and Guangdong, the concept of liudong renkou, and how Deng’s pragmatic approach allowed the state to manage migration without dismantling the socialist framework. Listeners will hear about the 1984 State Council directives, the resistance from traditional cadres, and the long-term demographic shift that defined modern China. #DengXiaoping #HukouSystem #ChinaHistory #ZhuRongji #RuralMigration #Urbanization #Shanghai1980s #GuangdongProvince #LiudongRenkou #SocialControl #EconomicReform #StateCouncil #HouseholdRegistration #EastAsia #ModernChina #PolicyHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Silent Revolution in Chinese Education 25.09.2026 11min

  While we have explored Deng Xiaoping’s military modernization, his nuclear ambitions, and the economic spark of Shenzhen, this episode turns to the quiet engine of China’s transformation: education. In 1977, amidst political uncertainty and a generation left behind by the Cultural Revolution, Deng made a decisive move that would reshape the nation’s intellectual landscape. We trace the restoration of the Gaokao, the national college entrance examination, and how it instantly created a new meritocratic pathway for millions. Through conversations with key figures like Fang Yizhi and the logistical chaos of that winter exam, we uncover how a single policy shift rebuilt China’s human capital. This is the story of the students who returned to classrooms, the teachers who reopened schools, and the ideological battle between red expertise and white professionalism that defined the early reform era. #DengXiaoping #Gaokao #ChineseEducation #CulturalRevolution #ReformAndOpeningUp #1977China #FangYizhi #HigherEducation #Meritocracy #ShanghaiHistory #BeijingUniversity #ZhuRongji #HuYaobang #EducationalReform #ModernChina #EastAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Shanghai Blueprint: Pudong's Rise 24.09.2026 6min

  We left off with the special zones in Shenzhen and the constitutional reforms of the early eighties, but by the late 1980s, a new pressure was building. Shanghai, the historic financial heart of China, was stagnating while its neighbor to the south boomed. In this episode, we explore Deng Xiaoping’s pivotal decision in 1990 to open Pudong, the desolate marshland across the Huangpu River. We look at the intense political resistance from within the Party who feared losing control or repeating capitalist mistakes, and how Zhu Rongji executed the massive infrastructure project against all odds. This wasn't just about skyscrapers; it was about proving that China could integrate with global capital without surrendering its socialist identity. From the first pile drivers in the mud to the creation of the Lujiazui financial district, we trace how one man’s insistence reshaped the skyline and the economy. #DengXiaoping #PudongDevelopment #ZhuRongji #ShanghaiHistory #Lujiazui #ChineseEconomy #GaigeKaifang #SpecialEconomicZone #HuangpuRiver #ChinaReform #FinancialDistrict #UrbanPlanning #EastAsiaHistory #ColdWarAftermath #GlobalTrade #ModernChina #PoliticalReform #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Battle for China's Soul 23.09.2026 7min

  In this episode, we explore the complex ideological struggle that defined Deng Xiaoping’s later years, focusing on his concept of 'Two Civilizations.' While earlier episodes covered economic reforms and military modernization, here we examine how Deng attempted to balance material wealth with spiritual integrity. We discuss the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign of 1983-1984, a controversial effort to curb Western cultural influences in art, literature, and music. The conversation delves into the tension between opening China to the world and maintaining socialist values, featuring insights from intellectuals like Fu Lei and the broader cultural cold war context. Through the lens of figures such as Li Songtao and the Shanghai Philharmonic, we analyze how Deng’s policies shaped the cultural landscape of reform-era China, asking whether it was possible to have both material prosperity and moral clarity without stifling creative expression. #DengXiaoping #ChinaHistory #AntiSpiritualPollutionCampaign #TwoCivilizations #ReformAndOpeningUp #CulturalColdWar #ShanghaiPhilharmonic #LiSongtao #FuLei #SocialistValues #WesternCulture #1980sChina #ChineseLiterature #MarxistHumanism #ScarLiterature #Zhongnanhai #GaigeKaifang #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Great Education Reform 22.09.2026 9min

  While earlier episodes covered Deng’s military modernization and economic special zones, this episode explores the intellectual infrastructure of his legacy: the restoration of the Gaokao in 1977. We examine how a single decree reversed the Cultural Revolution’s anti-intellectual policies, reshaping Chinese society by reinstating meritocracy after a decade of class-based admissions. The conversation details the political risks Deng took against hardline Maoists who viewed university education as bourgeois decadence, and the immediate cultural shockwave that sent millions of rural youth back to school. We also look at the emergence of the '85 Generation'—students who entered university between 1978 and 1982—and how their exposure to Western philosophy and science became the engine for China’s subsequent technological leap. From the dusty examination halls of Beijing to the lecture theaters of Shanghai, we trace how the pen replaced the rifle as the primary tool of national reconstruction. #DengXiaoping #Gaokao #ChinaHistory #CulturalRevolution #EducationReform #Meritocracy #1977China #ZhuRongji #FuxiHighSchool #TongWaiyu #EightyFiveGeneration #HuYaobang #ChineseUniversities #ScienceAndTechnology #EastAsiaHistory #ModernChina #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Rise of Shenzhen's Special Zone 21.09.2026 8min

  In this episode, we step away from the high-stakes nuclear submarines and political purges that have dominated our recent discussions to focus on one of Deng Xiaoping’s most tangible legacies: the creation of the Special Economic Zone in Shenzhen. We explore how a small fishing village transformed into a global manufacturing hub under Deng’s guidance. The conversation examines the concept of 'crossing the river by feeling the stones,' the initial skepticism from conservative factions in Zhongnanhai, and the crucial role played by Kuang Yinglu and early investors who bet on China’s reopening. We also look at the infrastructure challenges, the influx of migrant workers, and how this experiment validated the broader policy of gaige kaifang, ultimately reshaping not just China’s economy but its place in the world. #DengXiaoping #Shenzhen #SpecialEconomicZone #GaigeKaifang #ReformAndOpeningUp #KuangYinglu #CrossingTheRiverByFeelingTheStones #ChineseEconomy #Pudong #MigrantWorkers #ForeignInvestment #ChinaHistory #EastAsia #UrbanDevelopment #1980sChina #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ModernChina Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Secret Art of Soft Power 20.09.2026 7min

  While previous episodes have mapped Deng’s economic reforms, military modernization, and political maneuvers, Episode 237 explores a quieter, more subtle dimension of his legacy: the cultural diplomacy that paved the way for China’s global reintegration. In the early 1980s, as Deng initiated Gaige Kaifang, he simultaneously launched a strategic push to reintroduce Western classical music and literature into Chinese public life. This episode focuses on the controversial decision to invite American conductor Zubin Mehta to lead the Shanghai Philharmonic in 1984, a move that faced stiff resistance from conservative hardliners who viewed Western art as ideological pollution. We examine how Deng leveraged these cultural exchanges to signal openness to the West, using concerts and literary translations as diplomatic tools that bypassed political friction. The narrative also covers the role of key figures like Li Songtao and the delicate balancing act between maintaining socialist ideology and embracing global cultural norms. Listeners will discover how a single symphony performance became a symbol of China’s thawing relations with the world, offering a fresh perspective on Deng’s statecraft beyond economics and defense. #DengXiaoping #ZubinMehta #ShanghaiPhilharmonic #GaigeKaifang #CulturalDiplomacy #China1980s #WesternClassicalMusic #LiSongtao #SinoUSRelations #ColdWarCulture #ChineseSoftPower #EastAsiaHistory #PoliticalThaw #ArtAsPropaganda #GlobalIntegration #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ModernChina Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the Rise of Shenzhen's Special Zone 19.09.2026 9min

  In this episode, we turn our gaze from the high politics of Zhongnanhai to the muddy fishing villages of Guangdong Province in the late 1970s. We explore how Deng Xiaoping authorized the creation of the first Special Economic Zones, starting with Shenzhen, and what that decision actually meant for ordinary Chinese citizens. We follow the trajectory of Kuang Yinglu, a pragmatic local leader who worked alongside Deng to transform a border town into an economic engine. You will hear about the initial skepticism from conservative factions, the influx of foreign capital, and the social upheaval caused by the 'crossing the river by feeling the stones' approach. This is not just about GDP growth; it is about the human cost and the radical experiment of letting market forces operate within a socialist framework. We also touch on the cultural shock experienced by rural migrants flooding into the new zones, and how these early experiments laid the groundwork for modern China's global integration. #DengXiaoping #Shenzhen #SpecialEconomicZone #Guangdong #KuangYinglu #GaigeKaifang #CrossingTheRiver #ChineseHistory #EconomicReform #1970sChina #MarketSocialism #EastAsiaHistory #UrbanDevelopment #ForeignInvestment #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ModernChina #PoliticalEconomy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's Secret Nuclear Submarine Program 18.09.2026 12min

  While Deng Xiaoping is widely celebrated for his economic reforms and the opening of China to global trade, a darker, more clandestine chapter of his leadership involved a desperate push to modernize the People's Liberation Army Navy. In 1980, amidst the lingering tensions of the Sino-Soviet Split and a growing awareness that China’s conventional forces were lagging behind superpowers, Deng authorized a high-stakes test of nuclear deterrence. This episode explores the secret voyage of the Han-class submarine Type 091, commanded by Captain Xiao Jingguang and navigated with precision by Zhao Renkai. We dive into the technical hurdles faced at the Huludao nuclear complex, the political maneuvering within the Central Military Commission, and the geopolitical signaling sent to the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War's most volatile decade. Discover how this single mission reshaped China’s strategic posture and laid the groundwork for its modern naval capabilities. #DengXiaoping #HanClassSubmarine #Type091 #XiaoJingguang #ZhaoRenkai #Huludao #BohaiSea #SecondArtillery #SinoSovietSplit #NuclearDeterrence #PLANavy #ColdWarHistory #ChineseMilitary #StrategicMissile #NavalHistory #EastAsia #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping and the 1982 Constitutional Revolution 17.09.2026 9min

  While we have explored Deng's economic experiments and military modernizations, this episode turns to his most enduring legacy: the structural overhaul of China's state. In late 1982, amidst the power struggles following Mao's death, Deng orchestrated a fundamental shift in how the Communist Party governed. We trace the drafting of the new Constitution, the controversial abolition of the life presidency, and the quiet removal of veteran cadres to make room for technocrats. The story centers on key figures like Chen Yun and Hu Yaobang, who navigated the treacherous waters of institutional reform while Deng played the long game. This is not just about laws; it is about the architecture of power that allowed China to stabilize after decades of chaos, setting the stage for the reforms that would follow. We examine the specific clauses that stripped the party secretary of unchecked authority and created the framework for a more collective leadership model. #DengXiaoping #ChineseConstitution #1982Constitution #GaigeKaifang #HuYaobang #ChenYun #Zhongnanhai #CommunistPartyChina #LifePresidency #CadreReform #JiangZemin #LiXiannian #WangZhen #InstitutionalReform #EastAsianHistory #ColdWarChina #MaoZedongLegacy #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• 
  Deng Xiaoping's 1984 Hong Kong Handover Strategy 16.09.2026 11min

  In this episode, we look at the tense months leading up to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. While earlier episodes covered Deng’s economic reforms and military modernization, here we focus on the diplomatic chess game regarding Hong Kong’s future. Lucas and Luna explore how Deng navigated the complex relationship with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, specifically during their famous 1982 meetings in Beijing. We discuss the concept of One Country, Two Systems and how it was crafted to reassure both Hong Kong residents and international investors. The conversation details the strategic decisions behind maintaining Hong Kong’s financial status and legal independence under Chinese sovereignty. You will hear about key figures like Wu Xueqian and Sir Edward Youde, as well as the internal debates within the Chinese Communist Party about whether to rush the handover or wait for the colony’s population to change. This story reveals the pragmatic side of Deng’s leadership, showing how he balanced ideological purity with the urgent need for foreign capital and technical expertise in the early years of reform. #HongKong #DengXiaoping #SinoBritishRelations #OneCountryTwoSystems #MargaretThatcher #1984JointDeclaration #WuXueqian #EdwardYoude #ColonialHistory #ChineseReform #FinancialDistrict #Geopolitics #EastAsia #ColdWar #InternationalLaw #EconomicPolicy #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo