The History of the Philippines: Empires, Colonization, and Identity — Fexingo History — Podcast

The Hukbalahap Rebellion: Peasants vs State 04.10.2026 5min

We leave the colonial era behind to examine the Hukbalahap Rebellion of the late 1940s, a conflict that began as an anti-Japanese resistance but morphed into a full-scale civil war against the newly independent Philippine government. This episode explores how land tenure issues in Central Luzon fueled peasant unrest, leading to the formation of the Huks, or Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon. We follow the rise of Luis Taruc and the brutal counter-insurgency campaigns led by President Ramon Magsaysay. You will learn about the specific grievances of the tenant farmers, the military tactics used on both sides, and how this rebellion shaped modern Philippine politics. From the rice fields of Pampanga to the jungles of Zambales, we trace the path from wartime heroes to hunted insurgents. The story reveals the complex legacy of independence, where liberation from Japan was quickly followed by domestic turmoil over economic inequality and political corruption. #Hukbalahap #LuisTaruc #RamonMagsaysay #CentralLuzon #PhilippineHistory #PostWarPhilippines #PeasantRebellion #LandTenure #AntiJapaneseResistance #Manila #Pampanga #Zambales #Caudillo #CounterInsurgency #PhilippineIndependence #1940sHistory #SoutheastAsia #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Dagohoy Rebellion: Bohol's Two-Century Stand 03.10.2026 5min

While the Katipunan ignited a revolution in Manila, a quieter, longer war was being fought on the island of Bohol. This episode explores the Dagohoy Rebellion, a two-century-long uprising against Spanish colonial rule that began in 1744. We follow Francisco Lodong, whose brother Simoun was killed by a corrupt parish priest, sparking a movement that would outlast generations of Spanish governors. Through the lens of the encomienda system and the polo y servicios forced labor laws, we examine how local datus and ordinary farmers turned Baclayon into a fortress of independence. Discover how this conflict shaped Philippine identity, challenging the narrative that resistance only peaked in the late nineteenth century. #DagohoyRebellion #BoholHistory #FranciscoLodong #SimounDagohoy #SpanishColonialism #EncomiendaSystem #PoloYServicios #Baclayon #PhilippineRevolution #SoutheastAsiaHistory #IndiosResistance #ManuelGonzalez #HernandoSerrano #KatipunanPredecessors #VisayasHistory #DatuSystem #SikatunaTreaty #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Cedula Tax and the Spark of Revolution 02.10.2026 12min

In this episode, we move away from the battlefield to explore the quiet, bureaucratic violence that fueled the Philippine revolution. We examine the cedula personal, a mandatory identity tax certificate required by Spanish colonial authorities. For ordinary Filipinos, carrying this paper was a daily reminder of subjugation. The story centers on Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan, who turned the act of refusing to pay or display the cedula into an act of defiance. We trace how this small piece of paper became a symbol of national dignity, leading directly to the Cry of Pugad Lawin. Through the eyes of local communities in Luzon, we see how economic pressure and humiliation simmered for decades before exploding. This is a look at the administrative roots of independence. #AndresBonifacio #Katipunan #CedulaPersonal #SpanishColonialPhilippines #CryOfPugadLawin #PhilippineHistory #SoutheastAsiaHistory #AntiColonialResistance #Jose Rizal #PropagandaMovement #Indios #ColonialTaxation #Manila1896 #LuzonRebellion #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AsianHistory #RevolutionaryWar Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Dagohoy Rebellion: Bohol's Two-Century Stand 01.10.2026 7min

In this episode, we explore the Dagohoy Rebellion, a staggering two-century uprising in Bohol that defied Spanish colonial rule from 1744 to 1829. Led by Francisco Lodong, known as Dagohoy, and later his nephew Simoun Dagohoy, the rebellion began not with grand ideology but with a personal grievance over the execution of a local governor. We examine how the remote terrain of Bohol allowed rebels to establish a self-sustaining society, complete with their own laws, elections, and military structure, effectively creating an independent republic for nearly 200 years. Lucas and Luna discuss the brutal suppression led by Hernando Serrano, the role of the encomienda system in sparking dissent, and the legacy of figures like Manuel Gonzalez and Javier de la Torre. This story challenges the narrative that Filipino resistance was solely centered in Luzon, highlighting instead the deep, localized roots of defiance in the Visayas region. #DagohoyRebellion #BoholHistory #FranciscoLodong #SimounDagohoy #SpanishColonialism #PhilippineHistory #VisayasResistance #EncomiendaSystem #PoloYServicios #HernandoSerrano #ManuelGonzalez #JavierDeLaTorre #BaclaranBohol #PreColonialPhilippines #SoutheastAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #UnsungHeroes Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Philippine-American War's Forgotten Atrocities 30.09.2026 9min

While the Spanish colonial era dominates much of the Philippines narrative, the transition to American rule brought a brutal conflict often overshadowed by later history. In this episode, we explore the Philippine-American War from 1899 to 1902, focusing on the guerrilla tactics employed by Filipino forces and the controversial American response that included reconcentration camps. We examine figures like General Antonio Luna and President Emilio Aguinaldo, whose leadership was tested against a technologically superior military force. The discussion highlights specific battles such as the Battle of Balintawak and the strategic retreats that defined the war’s early months. We also look at the humanitarian crisis created by American policies, drawing parallels to earlier Spanish tactics but with new industrial scale. This episode provides a nuanced view of how identity shifted under a new colonizer, challenging the simple narrative of liberation. Listeners will learn about the diplomatic failures that led to war, the role of local datus in resistance, and the long-term psychological impact on Filipino society. By focusing on the human cost and the complexity of loyalty during this period, we aim to deepen understanding of Southeast Asia’s path to independence. #PhilippineAmericanWar #EmilioAguinaldo #AntonioLuna #Balintawak #Manila #GuerrillaTactics #Reconcentration #SoutheastAsiaHistory #Colonialism #IndigenousResistance #DatuLeadership #MilitaryHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AsianHistory #WarAtrocities #FreedomFighters #Imperialism Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Moro Rebellion: Mindanao's Long War Against Spain 29.09.2026 8min

While Manila and Luzon dominated the Spanish colonial narrative, the real heart of resistance beat in Mindanao and Sulu. This episode explores the Moro Rebellion, a decades-long conflict where Muslim sultanates in the southern Philippines fiercely defended their autonomy against Spanish incursions. We trace the lineage from the early clashes with Juan Niño de Tabora to the entrenched warfare of the late nineteenth century, highlighting figures like Sultan Batarah Shah Tengah and the strategic use of the kris and kampilan. Unlike the revolutionary movements in the north, the Moros fought not for independence from a distant empire but to preserve their religious and political identity against colonization that sought to impose Catholicism on Islamic lands. Through the lens of battles in Jolo and the complex diplomacy of the Manila Cacique system, we uncover how the Spanish never truly subdued the south, leaving a legacy of distinct cultural resilience that shaped modern Philippine identity. #MoroRebellion #MindanaoHistory #SultanateOfSulu #SpanishColonialPhilippines #BatarahShahTengah #JuanNinoDeTabora #KrisBlade #Kampilan #Jolo #ManilaCacique #PoloYServicios #FilipinoIdentity #SoutheastAsiaHistory #IslamicResistance #LapuLapuLegacy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #ColonialConflict Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Tirad Pass: Gregorio del Pilar's Last Stand 28.09.2026 11min

On December 31, 1899, General Gregorio del Pilar led a small rear guard against overwhelming American forces at Tirad Pass in Ilocos Norte. This episode examines the tactical decisions and personal courage behind the Philippine-American War’s most famous defensive action. We explore how a force of roughly sixty men held off thousands for hours to buy time for President Emilio Aguinaldo’s escape. Through primary accounts and military analysis, we uncover the human cost of this retreat and why Del Pilar is remembered as a national hero rather than a defeated commander. You will hear about the terrain, the weapons used, and the final moments of the general who was only twenty-four years old. The story challenges romanticized notions of war by showing the brutal reality of asymmetric combat and the desperate measures taken by a fledgling republic. Join us as we reconstruct the timeline of that afternoon in the mountains, listening to the voices of those who fought there. #GregorioDelPilar #TiradPass #PhilippineAmericanWar #EmilioAguinaldo #IlocosNorte #1899History #FilipinoHeroes #ColonialConflict #SoutheastAsiaHistory #MilitaryStrategy #RearGuardAction #BaguioCity #JohnStuartMcGill #KarlHufford #RevolutionaryWar #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AsianHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Forgotten Rebellion That Defied Spain for Two Centuries 27.09.2026 10min

While the Katipunan and Bonifacio dominate narratives of Philippine independence, a far older and longer resistance simmered in the highlands of Bohol. This episode explores the Dagohoy Rebellion, which lasted from 1744 to 1829—two full centuries of defiance against Spanish colonial authority. We trace how Francisco Lodong’s murder sparked a movement that transformed into a quasi-state with its own laws, elections, and military strategy. Lucas and Luna discuss the tactical brilliance of the rebels, the role of local priests who defied Manila, and why this rebellion was never fully crushed by the Spanish Empire. You will hear about the specific battles in Baclayon, the leadership of figures like Juan Macalinding, and the eventual brutal suppression by Governor General Javier de la Torre. This is a story of endurance, community governance, and the deep roots of anti-colonial sentiment long before the Nineteenth Century revolutions. #DagohoyRebellion #FranciscoDagohoy #BoholHistory #PhilippineColonialHistory #SpanishEastIndies #Baclayon #JavierdeLaTorre #JuanMacalinding #EncomiendaSystem #PoloYServicios #SoutheastAsiaHistory #AntiColonialResistance #ManilaGalleonEra #CatholicismInPhilippines #LocalGovernance #MilitaryStrategy #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Katipunan's Secret Code and the Cry of Pugad Lawin 26.09.2026 8min

Before Andres Bonifacio raised his knife in the hills of Balintawak, he built a secret society that looked like a social club but functioned as a revolution. This episode explores the intricate internal world of the Katipunan, focusing on its elaborate initiation rituals, the layered cipher system designed to hide their treason from Spanish spies, and the specific moment the organization was forced into open war. We trace how Gregoria de Jesus, known as the Mother of the Katipunan, helped preserve the group’s secrets, and we examine the disputed timeline of the Cry of Pugad Lawin. By dissecting the actual documents and membership lists recovered by colonial authorities, we reveal how ordinary Filipinos transformed fear into a coordinated uprising that would eventually topple three centuries of Spanish rule. #Katipunan #AndresBonifacio #GregoriaDeJesus #CryOfPugadLawin #KartilyaNgKatipunan #PhilippineRevolution #SpanishColonialism #JoseRizal #PropagandaMovement #Balintawak #ManilaHistory #SecretSocieties #FilipinoIdentity #1896 #SoutheastAsiaHistory #Decipherment #RizalProvinces #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Dagohoy Rebellion: Bohol's Two Century Defiance 25.09.2026 8min

We return to the island of Bohol for the final, definitive chapter on Francisco Dagohoy and the longest rebellion in Philippine history. While previous episodes touched on the spark of his uprising in 1744 following a disputed burial, this episode examines how a local chieftain transformed a personal grievance into a two-century-long insurgency that defied Spanish authority. We explore the unique geography of the Bohol highlands that allowed Dagohoy’s forces to remain hidden, the establishment of their independent republic with its own laws and military structure, and the eventual collapse of the movement in 1829 when General Javier de La Torre launched a massive, brutal assault that ended not just the rebellion but the distinct political autonomy of the region. This is the story of how ordinary farmers built a state within a state. #FranciscoDagohoy #BoholRebellion #PhilippineHistory #SpanishColonialism #SoutheastAsiaHistory #IndigenousResistance #18thCenturyPhilippines #ManilaGalleon #CatholicChurchConflict #Baclayon #JavierdeLaTorre #PreColonialPhilippines #FilipinoIdentity #RuralInsurgency #SpanishMilitaryHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AsianHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The 1896 Cry of Balintawak and the Revolution's Spark 24.09.2026 7min

Episode 246 dives into the precise moment the Philippine Revolution ignited, focusing on the 'Cry of Pugad Lawin' versus the traditional narrative of Balintawak. We explore how Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan leadership navigated the treacherous path from secret society to open war against Spain in August 1896. The episode details the tearing of the cedula tax certificates, a powerful symbolic act of defiance that marked the point of no return for the revolutionaries. We examine the logistical challenges faced by the newly formed Supremo, including the lack of weapons, the reliance on makeshift bolos, and the initial skirmishes with Spanish forces. Through the eyes of contemporaries like Guillermo Masangkay and Teodoro Plata, we reconstruct the tense days leading up to the first major clashes, highlighting the bravery and desperation of ordinary Filipinos who chose rebellion over subjugation. This conversation moves beyond the mythologized heroics to look at the human cost, the internal debates among the Katipunan founders, and the immediate military consequences of their decision to fight. #AndresBonifacio #Katipunan #CryOfPugadLawin #PhilippineRevolution #1896Revolution #Balintawak #TeodoroPlata #GuillermoMasangkay #SpanishColonialism #CedulaTax #Supremo #Manila #QuezonProvince #BoloWeapon #SocietyOfFreeMen #Kartilya #August1896 #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Mactan: Lapu-Lapu's Defeat of Magellan 23.09.2026 6min

On April 27, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines with high hopes of converting the local rulers to Christianity and claiming the islands for Spain. He chose to intervene in a local dispute between Lapu-Lapu, the chieftain of Mactan Island, and Rajah Humabon of Cebu, believing his superior European weaponry would guarantee an easy victory. Instead, the Spanish expedition faced a well-prepared defense on the shallow reefs surrounding Mactan. In this episode, we explore the tactical realities of that fateful morning, examining how the terrain neutralized Magellan’s armor and muskets, and how Lapu-Lapu’s warriors utilized their knowledge of the tides and local warfare traditions to repel the invasion force. We look beyond the myth-making of later centuries to understand the actual military engagement that resulted in Magellan’s death and the collapse of the Spanish foothold in the region. #MactanIsland #LapuLapu #FerdinandMagellan #1521 #PhilippineHistory #SoutheastAsia #SpanishColonization #RajahHumabon #BattleOfMactan #Visayas #Cebu #AntonioPigafetta #FirstVoyageAroundTheWorld #PrecolonialPhilippines #IndigenousResistance #MaritimeHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Manila Rebellion That Almost Succeeded 22.09.2026 10min

While we often focus on the great heroes like Lapu-Lapu or Rizal, history is also shaped by quiet, stubborn resistance. In this episode, we explore the life of Diego Silang and his wife, Maria Josefa Diaz. In 1762, during the brief British occupation of Manila, these two Ilocano leaders saw an opportunity to break free from Spanish rule entirely. We look at how Silang organized a parallel government, negotiated with both the British and the Spanish, and declared independence for the northern Philippines. It was a bold, complex political maneuver that ultimately ended in betrayal and assassination. This story reveals the depth of anti-colonial sentiment long before the Katipunan existed and highlights the crucial role women played in early Philippine revolutionary movements. #DiegoSilang #MariaJosefaDiaz #IlocosHistory #BritishOccupationManila #PhilippineRevolution #SpanishColonialism #SoutheastAsianHistory #ColonialResistance #ManilaGalleon #EncomiendaSystem #IndigenousLeadership #WomensHistory #18thCenturyPhilippines #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #LapuLapuLegacy #KatipunanPrecursors #GlobalEmpire Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Galleon Trade: Manila's Global Silk Road 21.09.2026 8min

Before the modern Philippines became a global call center, it was the linchpin of the world’s first true global trade network. This episode explores the Manila Galleon era (1565–1815), when Spanish ships carried Mexican silver across the Pacific to buy Chinese silk and porcelain in Manila. We look at how this trade route transformed Acapulco and Canton into interconnected hubs, creating a massive underground economy of smugglers and local artisans known as the Mestizo de Sangley. Through the lives of figures like Juan de Salcedo and the daily chaos of the Parián market, we see how silver flowed from Zacatecas mines to the hands of Chinese merchants, reshaping both the Philippine archipelago and the global economy in ways that still echo today. #ManilaGalleon #SpanishColonialPhilippines #SilkRoadHistory #AcapulcoToManila #MestizoDeSangley #PariánMarket #ChineseFilipinoHistory #GlobalTradeRoutes #MexicanSilver #QingDynastyTrade #SoutheastAsiaHistory #ColonialEconomy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AcademicHistory #PacificOceanHistory #PreIndependencePH #CulturalExchange Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Moros: Sulu Sultanate vs Spanish Colonizers 20.09.2026 9min

For centuries, the southern Philippines was not a frontier of conquest but a theater of naval warfare between the Spanish Empire and the Sultanate of Sulu. While Manila grappled with rebellion and colonial administration, the Sulu Archipelago maintained a sovereign maritime power that resisted Catholic assimilation through military prowess and diplomatic maneuvering. This episode explores the complex relationship between the Moro people and their Spanish colonizers, focusing on key figures like Batarah Shah Tengah and the relentless raids that defined the region's borders. We examine the weapons of war, from the iconic kris to the kampilan, and how these tools shaped a distinct cultural identity rooted in independence. The narrative also delves into the economic and social structures of the sultanate, including the controversial institution of polo y servicios, which bound labor to land and state service. Through the lens of battles involving commanders like Juan Niño de Tabora, we see how local chieftains navigated loyalty, survival, and sovereignty against overwhelming imperial odds. Join us as we uncover the stories of resilience and resistance that have shaped modern Filipino identity in the south. #History #FexingoHistory #PhilippinesHistory #SultanateOfSulu #MoroPeople #SpanishColonization #SoutheastAsiaHistory #BatarahShahTengah #JuanNinoDeTabora #KrisSword #Kampilan #PoloYServicios #ManilaCacique #IslamicSoutheastAsia #NavalWarfare #ColonialResistance #SuluArchipelago #FilipinoIdentity Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The First Filipino Novel and the Cost of Freedom 19.09.2026 8min

While the Katipunan’s armed revolution gets most of the attention, the seeds of Philippine independence were sown in ink long before Bonifacio raised his sword. This episode explores José Rizal’s life as a polymath—ophthalmologist, linguist, and novelist—and how his two novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, exposed the rot of Spanish colonial rule through characters like Crisostomo Ibarra and Simulacro Salvi. We trace the journey from his exile in Dapitan to his execution at Bagumbayan, examining how Rizal’s peaceful reformism clashed with the radical violence of the revolution he inadvertently sparked. Discover how a man who feared bloodshed became the martyr whose death ignited the very fire he tried to prevent, reshaping Filipino identity forever. #JoseRizal #NoliMeTangere #ElFilibusterismo #Dapitan #Bagumbayan #SpanishColonialPhilippines #FilipinoNationalHero #ReformMovement #19thCenturyAsia #ManilaHistory #LapuLapuLegacy #KatipunanContext #SikolohiyangPilipino #SoutheastAsianHistory #ColonialLiterature #RizalDay #GomburzaExecution #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Dagohoy Rebellion: Bohol's Two Century Defiance 18.09.2026 9min

In this episode, we explore the longest rebellion in Philippine history against Spanish colonization, led by Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol. While previous episodes covered the Katipunan and various uprisings, this story spans nearly two centuries, beginning in 1744 after a priest refused to bury a dueling friend who died with his hands crossed over his chest. We examine how Dagohoy transformed a local grievance into a fortified state within the mountains, complete with its own laws and military structure. Lucas and Luna discuss the specific dynamics of the encomienda system, the role of indigenous leadership, and why the Spanish authorities struggled to suppress this movement for so long. We also look at the eventual reconciliation efforts and the lasting legacy of Dagohoy as a symbol of resistance in Southeast Asian history. #FranciscoDagohoy #Bohol #PhilippineHistory #SpanishColonization #SoutheastAsiaHistory #DagohoyRebellion #EncomiendaSystem #IndigenousResistance #ManuelGonzalez #HernandoSerrano #Baclayon #Visayas #PoloYServicios #Sikatuna #DatuDagohoy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AsianHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Spanish Flu and the Fall of Manila 17.09.2026 8min

In Episode 239, we turn our attention to a quiet but devastating chapter in Philippine history: the 1918 influenza pandemic. While much has been written about colonial politics and revolution, this episode explores how the global flu arrived in the Philippines via American troop ships and devastated urban centers like Manila. We examine the response from both colonial authorities and local communities, including the role of Catholic nuns who formed the first organized nursing corps to care for the sick when hospitals overflowed. Lucas and Luna discuss the specific mortality rates among the indigenous population, the breakdown of social structures under the strain of isolation, and how this biological crisis intersected with the ongoing struggle for independence. From the quarantine measures on Cavite Island to the improvised cemeteries along the Pasig River, we uncover a story of resilience, loss, and the enduring impact of disease on national identity. #PhilippineHistory #SpanishFlu #ManilaPandemic #1918Influenza #ColonialMedicine #NursingHistory #PasigRiver #CaviteQuarantine #JosefaLlanesEscoda #RedCrossPhilippines #AmericanOccupation #PublicHealthHistory #SoutheastAsia #Epidemiology #MortalityRates #FilipinoIdentity #HistoryPodcast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Dagohoy Rebellion: Bohol's Two Century Defiance 16.09.2026 10min

For nearly two hundred years, the village of Baclayon in Bohol became a fortress against Spanish rule. This episode explores the Dagohoy Rebellion, a protracted uprising that began with the unjust execution of Francisco Lodong and escalated into a full-scale civil war led by his cousin, Francisco Saludo, known as Dagohoy. We trace how Dagohoy transformed Baclayon into an independent republic with its own laws, currency, and military strategy, defying the encomienda system and polo y services for generations. The narrative follows the brutal suppression of the revolt by General Hernando Serrano in 1829, revealing the staggering human cost and the complex legacy of resistance in the Visayas. Through the lens of this specific conflict, we examine how local datu authority clashed with colonial bureaucracy, creating a shadow state that operated independently from Manila for nearly two centuries. #DagohoyRebellion #BoholHistory #FranciscoDagohoy #Baclayon #SpanishColonialPhilippines #EncomiendaSystem #FilipinoResistance #VisayasHistory #HernandoSerrano #FranciscoLodong #ManuelGonzalez #PoloYServicios #PhilippineRevolutionPrehistory #SoutheastAsiaHistory #ColonialConflict #IndigenousGovernance #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Spanish Inquisition in Manila: Heresy and Hope 15.09.2026 7min

While the Spanish Empire is often remembered for its military conquests or economic monopolies like tobacco, its grip on the Philippines was equally maintained through spiritual surveillance. This episode explores the Archdiocese of Manila’s role as a center of Counter-Reformation zeal, where the Holy Office of the Inquisition operated not just against Muslims or Chinese traders, but within the Catholic community itself. We examine the case of María Leong del Panizo, a woman tried for heretical beliefs and illicit relationships with nuns, revealing how the Church policed intimacy and doctrine. We also look at the complex position of Filipino clergy—indios who were simultaneously subjects of colonial rule and agents of imperial orthodoxy. Through the lens of these trials, we see how identity was forged in the fires of suspicion, loyalty, and faith, challenging the simple narrative of Spanish oppression versus native resistance. #SpanishColonialism #PhilippineHistory #Inquisition #ManilaArchdiocese #CounterReformation #MariaLeongPanizo #CatholicChurch #FilipinoIdentity #SoutheastAsiaHistory #ReligiousTolerance #ColonialSociety #IndigenousClergy #HerseyTrials #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #17thCentury #ImperialPower #SpiritualSurveillance Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo