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  9.1 | From Coin Flips to Clinical Trials: Introduction to Probability - Medical Software Course 28.09.2026 15min

  Why is probability essential for medical software development? In this lesson, we take a crucial detour from the software lifecycle to explore the mathematical foundations of probability and statistics. We'll introduce key concepts from an engineering perspective, demonstrating their application in critical areas like signal detection and the design of robust clinical trials and validation studies, which are vital for reliable medical software.🎯 Learning Objectives• Distinguish between deterministic and stochastic systems in an engineering context.• Define and differentiate between discrete and continuous probability density functions (PDFs).• Explain the application of probability in medical software, including signal detection and clinical trial design.• Understand the concepts of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and survival functions.• Identify and interpret multivariate probability distributions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  19. Resistance 27.09.2026 56min

  France Since 1871 (HIST 276)If the extent of French collaboration during World War II has been obscured, so too has the nature of resistance. Although the communist Left represented the core of the resistance movement, resistors came from any different backgrounds, including in their ranks Catholics, Protestants, Jews and socialists. Unlike the relationship between de-Christianization and right-wing politics, in the case of the resistance there is no clear correlation between regional locations and cells of resistors. It has been argued that the definition of resistance itself should be broadened to include the many acts of passive resistance carried out by French civilians during the occupation.00:00 - Chapter 1. Jews in Vichy France10:35 - Chapter 2. Mitterrand's Confession13:01 - Chapter 3. The Resistance: Roots in the Existing Communist Organization24:40 - Chapter 4. Religious Resistance Movements: The Jewish Underground and the Protestant Adoptions30:18 - Chapter 5. Defining Resistance: Mapping the Grey Areas39:04 - Chapter 6. Regional Resistance? The Lack of Geographic DeterminismComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  7.2 | The Ultimate Software Design Document Template Guide - Medical Software Course 27.09.2026 19min

  In this lesson, we dive into a detailed template for the Software Design Document (SDD), an essential component in medical software development. We explore each section, including foundational elements like cover pages and overviews, to critical design aspects such as workflow descriptions, module architecture, and user interface outlines. The lesson also emphasizes the strategic management of external dependencies, considerations for open-source software, and the vital role of packaging, labeling, and continuous risk management throughout the design process.🎯 Learning Objectives• Identify the essential sections and structure of a Software Design Document (SDD) template.• Explain the key elements of the "big picture design," including workflow descriptions, module architecture, and user interface considerations.• Discuss strategies for managing external software dependencies, particularly concerning open-source libraries and licensing.• Summarize the importance of packaging, labeling, and continuous risk management throughout the medical software design lifecycle. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  23. Asymmetric information: silence, signaling and suffering education 27.09.2026 1t 17min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We look at two settings with asymmetric information; one side of a game knows something that the other side does not. We should always interpret attempts to communicate or signal such information taking into account the incentives of the person doing the signaling. In the first setting, information is verifiable. Here, the failure explicitly to reveal information can be informative, and hence verifiable information tends to come out even when you don't want it to. We consider examples of such information unraveling. Then we move to unverifiable information. Here, it is hard to convey such information even if you want to. Nevertheless, differentially costly signals can sometimes provide incentives for agents with different information to distinguish themselves. In particular, we consider how the education system can allow future workers to signal their abilities. We discuss some implications of this rather pessimistic view of education.00:00 - Chapter 1. Asymmetric Information: Signaling and Information Unraveling16:48 - Chapter 2. Information Unraveling: Examples35:07 - Chapter 3. Signaling: Good and Bad Workers59:36 - Chapter 4. Signaling: Conclusions Complete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  2.5 | Navigating Medical Software Regulations: Your Guide to Approval (Medical Software Course) 27.09.2026 20min

  Are you ready to navigate the intricate landscape of medical software approval? This lesson delves into the regulatory processes governing medical software, highlighting key considerations from initial agency review to market release. We'll cover how risk classification impacts approval pathways and explore distinct regulatory frameworks in the United States, European Union, and China.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the core principles regulatory agencies apply when reviewing medical software, focusing on efficacy, safety, and security.• Differentiate between device classifications (Class I, II, III) and their corresponding review processes, including 510k, De Novo, and Pre-Market Approval (PMA) in the US.• Explain the distinctions and applications of general controls and special controls in medical device regulation.• Compare and contrast the regulatory frameworks and approval processes for medical software in the United States (FDA), European Union (MDR), and China (NMPA). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  3. A Southern World View: The Old South and Proslavery Ideology 27.09.2026 57min

  The Civil War and Reconstruction (HIST 119)Professor Blight lectures on southern slavery. He makes a case for viewing the U.S. South as one of the five true "slave societies" in world history. He discusses the internal slave trade that moved thousands of slaves from the eastern seaboard to the cotton states of the Southwest between 1820 and 1860. Professor Blight then sketches the contents of the pro-slavery argument, including its biblical, historical, economic, cynical, and utopian aspects.00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction08:39 - Chapter 2. The American South as Slave Society -- From the Foreign Slave Trade to the Slave Jail23:54 - Chapter 3. Slavery for the Sake of Social Stability33:54 - Chapter 4. Biblical, Historical, Amoral, Economic, and Utopian Arguments for Slavery50:11 - Chapter 5. ConclusionComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Spring 2008. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  24. Asymmetric information: auctions and the winner's curse 27.09.2026 1t 9min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We discuss auctions. We first distinguish two extremes: common values and private values. We hold a common value auction in class and discover the winner's curse, the winner tends to overpay. We discuss why this occurs and how to avoid it: you should bid as if you knew that your bid would win; that is, as if you knew your initial estimate of the common value was the highest. This leads you to bid much below your initial estimate. Then we discuss four forms of auction: first-price sealed-bid, second-price sealed-bid, open ascending, and open descending auctions. We discuss bidding strategies in each auction form for the case when values are private. Finally, we start to discuss which auction forms generate higher revenues for the seller, but a proper analysis of this will have to await the next course.00:00 - Chapter 1. Auctions: Common versus Private Values08:16 - Chapter 2. Auctions: Winner's Curse in the First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction42:38 - Chapter 3. Auctions: Other Types of Auction58:35 - Chapter 4. Auctions: Revenue Generation in Different Types of AuctionsComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Module 4 | Ruchit Nagar on Digital Health Innovation in India - Social Entrepreneurship Interview 27.09.2026 19min

  How does an idea born in a classroom transform into a large-scale social venture impacting thousands? In this illuminating conversation, Ruchit Nagar, CEO of Khushi Baby, shares the incredible journey of his digital health tech nonprofit. From developing a unique wearable NFC device for offline vaccine records to empowering community health workers with a comprehensive mobile platform across Rajasthan, this lesson highlights the power of human-centered design, relentless iteration, and a commitment to evolving solutions for real-world needs in rural India.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand how a classroom project can evolve into a large-scale social enterprise addressing critical health challenges.• Explore the principles of human-centered design and iterative development in creating culturally appropriate healthcare solutions.• Learn about the technological innovation behind Khushi Baby's wearable digital health record and its expansion into a comprehensive primary healthcare platform.• Recognize the importance of adapting your design question and persevering through setbacks when scaling social innovations.📚 About the Course Have you ever wondered what it would be like to create real change? You don't have to start your own organization to make a difference in the world. Everyone can learn the social entrepreneurship mindset and skillset to build social impact. In this course, you will immerse yourself in a social or environmental challenge you want to tackle. You'll start by researching your topic of choice, talking to people, and ideating a potential solution that you can contribute. Then, you'll build a business model around that solution, understanding concepts like measuring social change, ensuring financial viability, funding and pitching. This course is a safe space to experiment and explore. You'll be guided by a ten stage framework to help structure your journey. Along the way, you'll hear from social entrepreneurs around the world through case studies and campus conversations. These include Yale alumni, members of the New Haven community, and global changemakers. Everyone is welcome to join this course! You can apply your lived, learned, or professional experience to discover how you're going to make a difference. #SocialEntrepreneurship #YaleCourse #Impact #Changemakers #BusinessPlan #DesignThinking Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  2. The Dark Ages 27.09.2026 1t 14min

  Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the earliest history of Greek civilization. He demonstrates how small agricultural enclaves eventually turned into great cities of power and wealth in the Bronze Age, taking as his examples first Minoan Crete and then Mycenaean Greece. He also argues that these civilizations were closely related to the great monarchies of the ancient Near East. He points out that the Mycenaean age eventually came to an abrupt end probably through a process of warfare and migration. Reconstructing the Mycenaean age is possible through archaeological evidence and through epic poetry (Homer). Finally, he provides an account of the collapse of the Mycenaean world, and explains how in its aftermath, the Greeks were poised to start their civilization over on a new slate.00:00 - Chapter 1. The Minoan Civilization08:58 - Chapter 2. Mycenaean Language and Writing16:07 - Chapter 3. The Citadel, Farmland, Burials and the Oil Trade26:29 - Chapter 4. Cultural Unity, Agriculture, Religious Authority33:41 - Chapter 5. Society and Economy39:05 - Chapter 6. Theories about the Fall of the Mycenaean World56:52 - Chapter 7. Results of the FallComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  7. Nash equilibrium: shopping, standing and voting on a line 27.09.2026 1t 18min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We first consider the alternative "Bertrand" model of imperfect competition between two firms in which the firms set prices rather than setting quantities. Then we consider a richer model in which firms still set prices but in which the goods they produce are not identical. We model the firms as stores that are on either end of a long road or line. Customers live along this line. Then we return to models of strategic politics in which it is voters that are spread along a line. This time, however, we do not allow candidates to choose positions: they can only choose whether or not to enter the election. We play this "candidate-voter game" in the class, and we start to analyze both as a lesson about the notion of equilibrium and a lesson about politics.00:00 - Chapter 1. Bertrand Duopoly: Standard Model28:18 - Chapter 2. Bertrand Duopoly: Product Differentiation40:13 - Chapter 3. Perfect Competition Revisited: The Candidate Voter Model Complete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  11. The Miltonic Smile 27.09.2026 52min

  Milton (ENGL 220)Milton's characteristic use of simile is explored in Books One and Two of Paradise Lost. Particular attention is paid to how Milton's similes work to support, undermine, and complicate both the depiction of Satan and the broader thematic concerns of the poem, such as the ideas of free will and divine providence. The critical perspectives of Geoffrey Hartman and Stanley Fish are incorporated into an analysis of Satan's shield and spear and the simile of the leaves.00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Similes in "Paradise Lost"03:36 - Chapter 2. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Satan's Shield Compared to the Moon17:05 - Chapter 3. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Satan's Spear Compared to the Mast of a Ship22:38 - Chapter 4. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Simile of the Leaves34:18 - Chapter 5. Hartman and Fish: Theories of Similes in "Paradise Lost"40:34 - Chapter 6. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Simile of the Belated PeasantComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  15. Backward induction: chess, strategies, and credible threats 27.09.2026 1t 19min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We first discuss Zermelo's theorem: that games like tic-tac-toe or chess have a solution. That is, either there is a way for player 1 to force a win, or there is a way for player 1 to force a tie, or there is a way for player 2 to force a win. The proof is by induction. Then we formally define and informally discuss both perfect information and strategies in such games. This allows us to find Nash equilibria in sequential games. But we find that some Nash equilibria are inconsistent with backward induction. In particular, we discuss an example that involves a threat that is believed in an equilibrium but does not seem credible.00:00 - Chapter 1. First and Second Mover Advantages: Zermelo's Theorem10:17 - Chapter 2. Zermelo's Theorem: Proof17:06 - Chapter 3. Zermelo's Theorem: Generalization31:20 - Chapter 4. Zermelo's Theorem: Games of Induction40:27 - Chapter 5. Games of Perfect Information: Definition01:01:56 - Chapter 6. Games of Perfect Information: Economic ExampleComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  8. Nash equilibrium: location, segregation and randomization 27.09.2026 1t 20min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We first complete our discussion of the candidate-voter model showing, in particular, that, in equilibrium, two candidates cannot be too far apart. Then we play and analyze Schelling's location game. We discuss how segregation can occur in society even if no one desires it. We also learn that seemingly irrelevant details of a model can matter. We consider randomizations first by a central authority (such as in a bussing policy), and then decentralized randomization by the individuals themselves, "mixed strategies." Finally, we look at rock, paper, scissors to see an example of a mixed-strategy equilibrium to a game.00:00 - Chapter 1. Candidate - Voter Model14:22 - Chapter 2. Location and Segregation: Why Outcomes Are Not Necessarily Preferences46:01 - Chapter 3. Location and Segregation: Examples52:10 - Chapter 4. Location and Segregation: Policy Implications57:51 - Chapter 5. Location and Segregation: Central vs. Individual Randomization01:00:51 - Chapter 6. Pure vs. Mixed Strategies: Rock, Paper, ScissorsComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  18. The Peloponnesian War, Part I (cont.) 27.09.2026 1t 26min

  Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the aftermath of the Thirty Years Peace. He argues that the Peace had the potential to keep peace between Athens and Sparta due to the arbitration clause. In addition, he argues that during this time, Athens sends various diplomatic messages to the wider Greek world stating their intentions for peace, such as the Panhellenic venture to establish Thurii. However, this peace is seriously challenged when Corinth and Corcyra come into conflict over Epidamnus. At this point, Athens could make an alliance with Corcyra and run the risk of angering Sparta or allow Corinth to potentially take over Corcyra's navy and change the naval balance of power. Athens decides on a defensive alliance.00:00 - Chapter 1. Preserving the Thirty Years Peace10:12 - Chapter 2. The Pan-hellenic Colony of Thurii22:05 - Chapter 3. Testing the Peace38:30 - Chapter 4. Civil War at Epidamnus and the Question of Honor 01:12:18 - Chapter 5. Athens Votes on a Defensive AllianceComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  21. Philip Roth, The Human Stain (cont.) 27.09.2026 52min

  The American Novel Since 1945 (ENGL 291)In this final lecture on The Human Stain, Professor Hungerford argues that desire is the engine of narrative, for Roth, both at the structural level and in the very grammar of his sentences. Sex and writing are alike in their attempt to cross the boundaries between persons. Passing does not only occur racially, but is also likened to the process whereby a writer, like Roth or his proxy Nathan Zuckerman, comes to inhabit the subjectivities of other characters. One effect of these conflations--for example, Nathan standing for Faunia as he dances with Coleman--is to raise the threat of homoeroticism, which for Roth collapses difference with same-sex desire. Such stereotypes are a controversial characteristic of Roth's fiction, which nevertheless continues to draw great admiration.00:00 - Chapter 1. The Engine of Desire: The Structure of Roth's Language17:32 - Chapter 2. Homoerotic Desire: The Danger of Overcoming Difference29:57 - Chapter 3. Nathan as Narrator: Blankness or Secrecy?40:14 - Chapter 4. Roth's Relationship to His Texts: Autobiography and FictionComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Spring 2008. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  902 | Recruiting Your Founding Team: Culture, Roles and Ownership - Social Entrepreneurship Course 27.09.2026 11min

  In this lesson, we delve into the crucial process of building your founding team, understanding organizational culture, and defining essential roles for your social entrepreneurship venture. Learn how to select the right people who share your values and possess diverse skills for long-term success.🎯 Learning Objectives• Identify the key considerations for selecting a founding team and executive members.• Understand how organizational culture is formed and its significance for your venture.• Learn about common executive roles (CEO, COO, CPO, CMO, CFO) and their responsibilities.• Recognize the importance of skill diversity and dedication when building your team.• Discuss the necessity of having clear ownership conversations among founders.📚 About the Course Have you ever wondered what it would be like to create real change? You don't have to start your own organization to make a difference in the world. Everyone can learn the social entrepreneurship mindset and skillset to build social impact. In this course, you will immerse yourself in a social or environmental challenge you want to tackle. You'll start by researching your topic of choice, talking to people, and ideating a potential solution that you can contribute. Then, you'll build a business model around that solution, understanding concepts like measuring social change, ensuring financial viability, funding and pitching. This course is a safe space to experiment and explore. You'll be guided by a ten stage framework to help structure your journey. Along the way, you'll hear from social entrepreneurs around the world through case studies and campus conversations. These include Yale alumni, members of the New Haven community, and global changemakers. Everyone is welcome to join this course! You can apply your lived, learned, or professional experience to discover how you're going to make a difference. 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNezbi0aRJeVnt99ynTVZG1PL 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://online.yale.edu/courses/creating-change-through-social-entrepreneurship 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/creating-change-through-social-entrepreneurship #SocialEntrepreneurship #YaleCourse #Impact #Changemakers #BusinessPlan #DesignThinking Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  20. Subgame perfect equilibrium: wars of attrition 27.09.2026 1t 22min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We first play and then analyze wars of attrition; the games that afflict trench warfare, strikes, and businesses in some competitive settings. We find long and damaging fights can occur in class in these games even when the prizes are small in relation to the accumulated costs. These could be caused by irrationality or by players' having other goals like pride or reputation. But we argue that long, costly fights should be expected in these games even if everyone is rational and has standard goals. We show this first in a two-period version of the game and then in a potentially infinite version. There are equilibria in which the game ends fast without a fight, but there are also equilibria that can involve long fights. The only good news is that, the longer the fight and the higher the cost of fighting, the lower is the probability of such a fight.00:00 - Chapter 1. Wars of Attrition: The Rivalry Game17:39 - Chapter 2. Wars of Attrition: Real World Examples24:04 - Chapter 3. Wars of Attrition: Analysis47:53 - Chapter 4. Wars of Attrition: Discussion of SPEs01:06:54 - Chapter 5. Wars of Attrition: GeneralizationComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  8.1 | Master Medical Software Construction: Coding, Testing and Risk Mgmt | Medical Software Course 27.09.2026 20min

  In this lesson, we dive into the 'Construction' phase of the medical software life cycle. Discover the crucial processes of coding and testing, and learn how standard software engineering principles adapt to the unique demands of medical device development. We'll explore programming best practices, effective source code management, and essential risk mitigation strategies to build robust and compliant medical software.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the critical role of coding and testing within the medical software life cycle.• Implement best programming practices, including defensive coding and internationalization for global medical applications.• Learn about source code management, static code reviews, and managing external dependencies (SOUPS).• Identify common risks during software implementation and apply effective mitigation strategies. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  10.2 | Unlocking Clinical Trials: Design, Ethics and Regulatory Pathways – Medical Software Course 27.09.2026 12min

  Have you ever wondered what goes into bringing a new medical device or drug to market? In this lesson, we delve into the world of clinical trials, covering their fundamental design, the crucial regulatory landscape, and the ethical principles that safeguard human subjects. From understanding prospective and randomized studies to navigating FDA approvals and the various phases of drug development, this segment provides a comprehensive overview of how medical innovations are safely and effectively tested.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the definition and purpose of clinical trials, including the importance of preregistration to ensure research integrity.• Differentiate between prospective and randomized clinical trial designs and their significance as the "gold standard."• Explain the regulatory pathways for testing medical devices, including IRB approval and Investigational Device Exemptions (IDEs), and describe feasibility and pivotal studies.• Outline the phases of drug development (Phase 1, 2, 3, and post-market) and their respective objectives.• Discuss the core ethical considerations in clinical research, specifically informed consent and the importance of diversity in study populations, referencing the Helsinki Declaration. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  14. Backward induction: commitment, spies, and first-mover advantages 27.09.2026 1t 13min

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We first apply our big idea--backward induction--to analyze quantity competition between firms when play is sequential, the Stackelberg model. We do this twice: first using intuition and then using calculus. We learn that this game has a first-mover advantage, and that it comes commitment and from information in the game rather than the timing per se. We notice that in some games having more information can hurt you if other players know you will have that information and hence alter their behavior. Finally, we show that, contrary to myth, many games do not have first-mover advantages.00:00 - Chapter 1. Sequential Games: First Mover Advantage in the Stackelberg Model38:13 - Chapter 2. First Mover Advantage: Commitment Strategy49:25 - Chapter 3. First Mover Advantage: Why It Is Not Always an Advantage55:53 - Chapter 4. First and Second Mover Advantage: NIMComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices