The History of Saudi Arabia: From Desert Tribes to Oil Superpower — Fexingo History

Epizode

• The 1932 Unification: How Saudi Arabia Was Born 06.07.2026 8min

  On September 23, 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was officially proclaimed, merging the disparate regions of Najd, Hejaz, Al-Ahsa, and Qatif under one banner. This episode traces the final steps of Ibn Saud's consolidation—from the aftermath of the Ikhwan rebellion to the delicate negotiations with Britain over borders and sovereignty. We explore the symbolic power of the new kingdom's name, the controversial choice of Riyadh over Mecca as capital, and the uneasy inclusion of Shi'a communities in the east. Why did Ibn Saud abandon the title 'King of Hejaz and Najd'? How did the 1930 Treaty of London shape Saudi independence? And what role did the discovery of oil in 1938 play in cementing this fragile unity? Join Lucas and Luna for a close look at the moment a desert confederation became a modern state. #SaudiArabia #IbnSaud #KingdomOfSaudiArabia #Unification1932 #Najd #Hejaz #AlAhsa #Qatif #ShiaInSaudi #TreatyOfJeddah #Riyadh #Mecca #OilDiscovery #ModernMiddleEast #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEastHistory #ArabianPeninsula Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1802 Fall of Taif: Wahhabi Fury Before the Saudi Tide 05.07.2026 7min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the 1802 Wahhabi capture of Taif, a brutal prelude to the First Saudi State's expansion into the Hejaz. They examine the motives of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, the role of the Nejdi tribes, and the shocking violence that shocked the Ottoman world. The conversation unpacks how Taif's fall exposed the weakness of Sharif Ghalib of Mecca, the strategic importance of the city as a gateway to the Holy Cities, and the long shadow this event cast on Saudi-Wahhabi relations with the wider Muslim world. They also touch on the myths and realities of the sacking, the fate of the city's inhabitants, and how the event was remembered by chroniclers like Ibn Bishr. A vivid, specific look at a turning point that paved the way for later Saudi conquests. #SaudiHistory #Taif #Wahhabi #FirstSaudiState #AbdulazizbinMuhammad #SharifGhalib #Hejaz #Najd #1802 #Diriyah #IbnBishr #OttomanEmpire #Mecca #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #WarAndReligion #HistoricalViolence Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1801 Capture of Taif: A Bloody Prelude to Saudi Expansion 05.07.2026 8min

  Before the fall of Mecca and Jeddah, before the oil boom and the modern kingdom, the First Saudi State carved a bloody path through Arabia. In 1801, the Wahhabi forces of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad al-Saud captured the city of Taif, a wealthy Hejazi hub and gateway to the holy cities. This episode details the brutal sack of Taif, the reaction of the Ottoman Empire, and how this victory set the stage for the Saudi conquest of Mecca in 1803. We explore the role of the Ikhwan's early predecessors, the strategic importance of Taif as a summer capital, and the shockwaves that reached Istanbul and Cairo. Lucas and Luna discuss the massacre of non-Wahhabi inhabitants, the looting of the city, and the subsequent Ottoman response led by Muhammad Ali Pasha. This overlooked battle reveals the ruthless expansion of the Saud-Wahhabi alliance and its long-term impact on Arabian politics. #Taif #FirstSaudiState #Wahhabi #AbdulazizBinMuhammad #Hejaz #MuhammadAliPasha #OttomanEmpire #1801 #SaudiCapture #ArabianHistory #Diriyah #SharifGhalib #RuthlessExpansion #Prelude #bloodyhistory #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1979 Uprising of the Ikhwan Against Ibn Saud 04.07.2026 7min

  In 1929, the very force that built Ibn Saud's kingdom turned on him. The Ikhwan, the fiercely religious Bedouin warriors who had conquered the Hejaz and Najd, rose in rebellion against their former master. This episode explores the Battle of Sibila, the ideological rift over modernism and borders, the roles of leaders like Faisal al-Dawish and Sultan bin Bajad, and how Ibn Saud crushed the rebellion that once made him. We examine the collision of Wahhabi zeal with state-building, the British observers on the sidelines, and the lasting scars left on Saudi identity. #IkhwanRebellion #BattleofSibila #IbnSaud #Wahhabi #FaisalAlDawish #SultanBinBajad #Najd #Hejaz #1929 #AlSaud #SaudiHistory #MiddleEast #Bedouin #Oil #StateBuilding #Rebellion #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure: Juhayman al-Otaybi's Apocalyptic Rebellion 04.07.2026 6min

  In November 1979, during the Islamic New Year dawn prayer, hundreds of armed militants led by Juhayman al-Otaybi seized the Grand Mosque of Mecca. They proclaimed one of their own as the Mahdi — the prophesied redeemer of Islam — and called for the overthrow of the House of Saud. This episode traces the ideological roots of the rebellion in the teachings of Juhayman's brother-in-law, the former National Guard cleric Muhammad al-Qahtani, and the breakaway from the mainstream Wahhabi establishment. We explore the two-week siege that followed: Saudi forces, unable to enter the sacred sanctuary, ultimately called on French GIGN commandos (who converted to Islam temporarily) to plan the assault. The aftermath saw mass executions across eight Saudi cities and a seismic shift in Saudi religious policy — the state dramatically expanded the powers of the ulema and poured billions into Islamist causes abroad. The episode unpacks how a single extremist act inadvertently accelerated the very religious conservatism it claimed to purify. #GrandMosqueSeizure #JuhaymanAlOtaybi #Mecca #Mahdi #MuhammadAlQahtani #1979 #SiegeOfMecca #SaudiArabia #Wahhabism #GIGN #HouseOfSaud #IslamicRevolution #SalafiJihadism #Khomeini #Hajj #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Saudi-Jordanian Border: A Century of Nomads, Oil, and Treaties 03.07.2026 5min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the little-known story of the Saudi-Jordanian border, from the 1925 Hadda and Al Bahra treaties to the modern-day frontier disputes involving oil fields and tribal loyalties. They discuss how King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud and British colonial diplomat Sir Gilbert Clayton carved up the desert, the role of the Ikhwan in pushing beyond agreed lines, the strange case of the 'neutral zones,' and how Bedouin tribes like the Bani Sakhr and Huwaitat found themselves split by new international borders. The episode also touches on the 1965 Saudi-Jordanian border agreement and the lasting impact of these lines on the region today. #SaudiArabia #Jordan #BorderHistory #IbnSaud #SirGilbertClayton #HaddaTreaty #AlBahraTreaty #Ikhwan #Bedouin #BaniSakhr #Huwaitat #NeutralZone #Oil #ColonialBorders #MiddleEastHistory #TreatyOfJeddah #20thCentury #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1744 Diriyah Pact: Wahhabi Revolution Meets Saudi Power 03.07.2026 8min

  In 1744, two exiles from Najd met in the small oasis town of Diriyah. One was a fiery preacher expelled from his hometown for smashing tombs, the other a local emir nursing a wounded pride. Their alliance - now known as the Diriyah Pact - fused religious zeal with political ambition and launched one of the most consequential movements in Middle Eastern history. This episode traces the first meeting between Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud, the siege of Riyadh in 1745, the campaign against the Bani Khalid confederation, and the sacking of Karbala in 1801. We explore what the preacher's doctrine of tawhid meant in practice, how the alliance survived internal tensions, and why the Al Saud have clung to that founding pact ever since. Drawing on Najdi chronicles like Ibn Bishr's 'Unwan al-Majd' and recent scholarship, this is the story of how a desert revolution began. #DiriyahPact #MuhammadIbnAbdulWahhab #MuhammadIbnSaud #Wahhabi #Najd #Diriyah #FirstSaudiState #Tawhid #BaniKhalid #Karbala #AbdulazizBinMuhammad #SaudFamily #18thCentury #ArabianPeninsula #IslamicHistory #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Wahhabi Scholar Who Declared Jihad on Ibn Saud 02.07.2026 8min

  In 1927, as Ibn Saud consolidated his control over the Hejaz and Najd, a firebrand Wahhabi scholar named Hamad ibn Atiq al-Mutairi rose to challenge him. Al-Mutairi, a descendant of the reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, accused Ibn Saud of betraying the true principles of tawhid by engaging with British infidels, imposing taxes, and adopting modern technologies like the telegraph. From his base in the town of al-Artawiya, al-Mutairi rallied the Ikhwan, the fanatical Bedouin brotherhood that had been Ibn Saud's most effective military force. His fatwas and sermons sowed dissent among the Ikhwan, culminating in the 1929 Battle of Sibila, where Ibn Saud crushed the rebellion. This episode explores the theological roots of the conflict, the role of Ikhwan settlements like al-Artawiya, and how Ibn Saud ultimately sacrificed his most loyal warriors to build a modern state. We also follow al-Mutairi's fate—exiled to Mecca—and the lasting tension between Wahhabi zealotry and state power in Saudi Arabia. #HamadIbnAtiq #IkhwanRebellion #BattleOfSibila #Wahhabism #SaudiHistory #IbnSaud #AlArtawiya #Najd #Hejaz #Tawhid #AlMutairi #1929 #1920sMiddleEast #SaudiStateBuilding #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #ReligiousConflict Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Man Who Sold Saudi Arabia: St. John Philby's Secret Dealings 02.07.2026 10min

  In this episode of The History of Saudi Arabia, Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary life and controversial legacy of Harry St. John Philby — the British explorer, spy, and confidant of Ibn Saud who helped shape the kingdom's early oil policy. While previous episodes have focused on the battles, treaties, and oil discoveries that defined Saudi Arabia's formation, this conversation zooms in on the man who bridged the gap between the desert kingdom and the Western powers. We trace Philby's journey from colonial administrator in India to Islamic convert and advisor to King Abdulaziz, his role in negotiating the first oil concessions with Standard Oil of California, and his secret dealings with British intelligence. We also examine his conversion to Islam and adoption of the name Abdullah, his relationship with his son Kim Philby (the infamous Soviet spy), and the moral compromises he made in service of his adopted nation. How did one man's personal ambitions and ideological contradictions help forge the Saudi-American alliance that would reshape the global energy landscape? And what does his story reveal about the complex interplay of loyalty, faith, and power in the early twentieth century? Join us for a nuanced portrait of a man who was both a builder and a breaker of worlds. #StJohnPhilby #IbnSaud #SaudiArabia #OilConcession #BritishIntelligence #CASOC #StandardOilOfCalifornia #AbdullahPhilby #KimPhilby #ArabianPeninsula #1930s #ColonialHistory #Wahhabism #Jeddah #Riyadh #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1926 Saudi Law of the Desert: Ibn Saud's Nationality Decree 01.07.2026 9min

  In 1926, as Ibn Saud consolidated control over the Hejaz, he issued a groundbreaking nationality decree that redefined identity in the Arabian Peninsula. This episode explores the Ottoman-era legal framework of taba'a (allegiance), the shift from religious and tribal affiliations to state-defined citizenship, and the decree's role in unifying Najd and Hejaz under a single sovereign. Lucas and Luna examine how the law categorized subjects, the reaction of foreign consulates in Jeddah, and the longer-term impact on Bedouin mobility and the hajj pilgrimage. They also touch on the tensions between the Ikhwan's vision of a puritanical community and Ibn Saud's pragmatic state-building. A lesser-known but crucial step in the making of modern Saudi Arabia. #SaudiArabia #IbnSaud #NationalityLaw #Hejaz #Najd #1926 #Jeddah #Hajj #Ikhwan #OttomanEmpire #Jinsiyya #Taba'a #Millet #StateBuilding #Bedouin #Citizenship #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Rashidi Emirate: Ibn Saud's Forgotten Foe in Hail 01.07.2026 8min

  Before Ibn Saud united Arabia, the Rashidi Emirate of Hail ruled the Najd from the fortress city of Hail. This episode explores the rise and fall of the Al Rashid dynasty, who fought Ibn Saud for decades from their base at Jabal Shammar. We follow the 1902 capture of Riyadh, the 1904 Battle of al-Qassim where the Rashidis nearly won with Ottoman backing, and the final 1921 fall of Hail. We meet the key figures: Emir Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid, the ruthless Sultan of Jabal Shammar; the infighting among his successors that doomed the emirate; and the Ikhwan warriors who crushed Rashidi resistance. The story reveals how tribal loyalty, Ottoman support, and internal family rivalry shaped the pre-Saudi Arabian peninsula. We also touch on the cultural legacy of the Rashidis, including the famous Arabian horse breeding of the Shammar tribe and the remnants of Rashidi architecture still visible in Hail today. A tale of a dynasty that controlled the central Arabian trade routes and nearly thwarted the Al Saud's imperial ambitions. #SaudiHistory #RashidiEmirate #JabalShammar #Hail #IbnSaud #AlRashid #Najd #Ikhwan #BattleOfAlQassim #OttomanEmpire #ArabianPeninsula #1902Riyadh #ShammarTribe #ArabianHistory #MiddleEastHistory #PreSaudiArabia #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1979 Qatif Uprising: Saudi Arabia's Shi'a Awakening 30.06.2026 7min

  In November 1979, while the world watched the Grand Mosque siege in Mecca, another uprising erupted in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province. The Qatif uprising saw Shi'a protesters marching against religious discrimination, economic marginalization, and the Wahhabi establishment's treatment of their community. This episode explores the roots of Shi'a discontent in the oil-rich east, the leadership of figures like Sheikh Tawfiq al-Saif and the role of the newly formed Islamic Revolutionary Organization in the Arabian Peninsula. We examine the brutal crackdown by the Saudi National Guard, the impact of the Iranian Revolution across the Gulf, and the government's belated efforts to placate the region with development projects. Lucas and Luna discuss how this event, overshadowed by the siege, became a turning point for Shi'a political consciousness in the kingdom, setting the stage for ongoing tensions that persist today. #QatifUprising #ShiaInSaudiArabia #1979 #EasternProvince #SaudiNationalGuard #TawfiqAlSaif #IslamicRevolutionaryOrganization #IranianRevolution #Wahhabism #SaudiArabiaHistory #ShiaMinorities #OilRegion #GrandMosqueSiege #SaudiArabia #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #Protest Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1929 Ikhwan Rebellion: Ibn Saud's Fight Against His Own 30.06.2026 4min

  In 1929, just as King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud was cementing his control over the Hejaz and Najd, his most loyal followers turned against him. The Ikhwan — the ultra-devout tribal brotherhood that had conquered Arabia in his name — rebelled when he stopped their raids and embraced modern technology. This episode follows the final showdown: the Battle of Sibila, where Ibn Saud's new machine-gun-equipped army crushed the zealots who once carried his banners. We explore the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad, Faisal al-Dawish, and the religious figure Ibn Bijad, along with Ibn Saud's calculated use of the ulema to delegitimize his former allies. It's a story of state-building, betrayal, and the bloody cost of turning warriors into subjects. #IkhwanRebellion #BattleOfSibila #IbnSaud #SultanBinBajad #FaisalAlDawish #SaudiArabia #Wahhabi #Najd #Hejaz #1929 #AlSaud #Ulema #MachineGun #TribalWarfare #StateBuilding #MiddleEastHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1804 Saudi Capture of Karbala: A Wahhabi Sacking 29.06.2026 10min

  Long before oil, before the Ikhwan, even before the first Saudi state fell to the Ottomans, a small army from Najd swept into the city of Karbala in 1801 (or 1802 — sources differ). They massacred thousands, tore down the golden dome of the Imam Husayn shrine, and carried away the treasures of one of Shi'a Islam's holiest sites. This episode pieces together what happened: the motivations of the Wahhabi emir Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, the response of the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and the lasting scars left on Sunni-Shi'a relations in the region. We also touch on the role of the Bani Khaled tribe, the reaction of the Persian Qajar court, and how this brutal raid foreshadowed later Saudi expansion. Lucas and Luna discuss whether it was purely religious zealotry or also a political statement — and why the event is still controversial within Saudi Arabia today. #Karbala #Wahhabi #SaudiHistory #ShiaIslam #AbdulazizBinMuhammad #FirstSaudiState #OttomanEmpire #QajarDynasty #ImamHusaynShrine #Najd #1801 #BaniKhaled #SelimIII #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #SectarianConflict #History #ReligiousViolence Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1915 Anglo-Saudi Treaty: Ibn Saud's Betrayal of the Ottomans 29.06.2026 7min

  In 1915, as World War I raged in Europe and the Middle East, a young Ibn Saud signed a treaty with the British that would reshape Arabia. This episode unpacks the Treaty of Darin — the secret agreement that made the emir of Najd a British client while he publicly played the loyal Ottoman subject. We explore the backroom negotiations with Sir Percy Cox, the subsidies in gold sovereigns that bankrolled Ibn Saud's campaigns, the double game with the Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali, and the shifting loyalties of the Ikhwan. How did a desert chieftain outmaneuver both Istanbul and London? And what did this 1915 pact set in motion for the eventual Kingdom of Saudi Arabia? Join Lucas and Luna as they follow the threads of imperial deception, ambition, and survival in a forgotten corner of the Great War. #IbnSaud #TreatyOfDarin #SirPercyCox #Najd #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #BritishEmpire #HistoryOfSaudiArabia #Ikhwan #SharifHussein #AlHasa #Qatif #1915 #MiddleEast #ColonialHistory #DesertPolitics #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1927 Treaty of Jeddah: Britain Recognizes Ibn Saud 28.06.2026 6min

  After years of conflict and diplomacy, the 1927 Treaty of Jeddah marked a turning point for Ibn Saud's emerging kingdom. This episode unpacks the negotiations between Ibn Saud and British envoy Sir Gilbert Clayton, the collapse of the earlier 1915 Treaty of Darin, and how the new agreement gave Ibn Saud full independence over his domains—including the Hejaz and Najd—while securing British interests in the Persian Gulf. We explore the role of Harold Dickson, the lingering question of borders with Iraq and Transjordan, and how the treaty paved the way for the modern Saudi state. A deep dive into a forgotten diplomatic pivot. #TreatyOfJeddah #IbnSaud #BritishEmpire #GilbertClayton #HaroldDickson #Hejaz #Najd #PercyCox #1927 #Diplomacy #SaudiArabia #MiddleEast #ColonialHistory #Independence #Wahhabi #History #FexingoHistory #Treaty Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1925 Siege of Jeddah: Ibn Saud's Final Conquest 28.06.2026 6min

  In 1925, as Ibn Saud's forces closed in on Jeddah, the last Hashemite stronghold in the Hejaz, the city faced a brutal siege that would decide the fate of Arabia. This episode explores the siege itself—the naval blockade by British warships, the desperate defense led by Sharif Ali bin Hussein, the role of the Ikhwan fighters under Khalid bin Luwai, and the final surrender that paved the way for the unification of Saudi Arabia. We discuss the humanitarian toll, the diplomatic maneuvers with Britain, and how the fall of Jeddah marked the end of 700 years of Hashemite rule in the Hejaz. Learn about the key figures, the battle for control of the port, and the aftermath that shaped the modern kingdom. #SiegeOfJeddah #IbnSaud #SharifAli #Hejaz #Ikhwan #KhalidBinLuwai #1925 #BritishBlockade #Hashemite #SaudiUnification #Jeddah #Mecca #Medina #AlSaud #Wahhabi #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Wahhabi Mosque That Banned Minarets 27.06.2026 6min

  In 1926, Ibn Saud ordered the destruction of the Prophet Muhammad's birthplace in Mecca, sparking outrage across the Islamic world. This episode explores the early Saudi campaign to demolish tombs, shrines, and domed mosques across the Hejaz, enforcing a strict Wahhabi interpretation that considered veneration of graves as idolatry. We focus on the 1925 destruction of the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina, where the Ikhwan razed the tombs of the Prophet's family and companions, and the 1926 demolition of the house where the Prophet was born, later turned into a library. Lucas and Luna discuss how this iconoclasm alienated Muslims worldwide, forced Ibn Saud to issue a fatwa justifying his actions, and set a precedent for the 21st-century demolition of historic sites in Mecca and Medina. The episode also examines the 1927 decree banning minarets on new mosques in Najd, reflecting the Wahhabi aversion to ostentatious architecture, and how this policy was reversed under King Faisal. We draw on accounts from British travelers like St. John Philby and the writings of the Egyptian scholar Rashid Rida, who debated whether destroying the Prophet's heritage was a duty or a catastrophe. #WahhabiIconoclasm #IbnSaud #Mecca #Medina #JannatAlBaqi #ProphetMuhammadBirthplace #Ikhwan #Najd #Hejaz #1920sSaudiArabia #HistoricSiteDestruction #RashidRida #StJohnPhilby #IslamicHeritage #MinaretBan #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Jeddah's Gate to the World: The Pilgrim Port That Shaped Saudi 27.06.2026 5min

  Long before oil, the Red Sea port of Jeddah was Saudi Arabia's economic and spiritual gateway. In Episode 125, Lucas and Luna explore how this ancient harbor became the landing point for millions of Hajj pilgrims, a center for international trade, and a site of cosmopolitan coexistence. They trace Jeddah's evolution from a pre-Islamic fishing village to a walled city under the Mamluks and Ottomans, then through its dramatic conquest by Ibn Saud's forces in 1925. The episode uncovers the city's unique architectural heritage—its coral-built houses and wooden lattice windows—and its role as a diplomatic hub where foreign consulates operated. They also discuss the controversial demolition of the old city walls in the 1940s and the tension between modernization and preservation. Along the way, listeners learn about the Banu Quda'a tribe, the seven gates of Jeddah (including Bab Makkah and Bab al-Madinah), and the city's famous 'House of the Tree' where Ibn Saud accepted surrender. A natural donation segment ties the episode's themes of journey and exchange to listener support. #Jeddah #Hejaz #Hajj #RedSea #IbnSaud #OttomanEmpire #Mamluks #SaudiHistory #Pilgrimage #TradeHistory #Architecture #JeddahWalls #BabMakkah #1925 #UrbanHistory #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The 1973 Oil Embargo: Saudi Arabia's Weapon of Economic War 26.06.2026 8min

  When the Yom Kippur War erupted in October 1973, Saudi Arabia transformed global power dynamics not by military force but by turning off the taps. This episode traces King Faisal's decision to impose an oil embargo against the United States and other allies of Israel, the dramatic price spikes that followed, and the lasting legacy of OPEC's newfound power. We explore Faisal's careful diplomacy, the secret meetings with Henry Kissinger, the internal Saudi debate between moderates and hardliners, and how the embargo reshaped the kingdom's role as a global economic superpower. Along the way, we encounter the rise of petrodollar recycling, the 1973-1974 recession, and the seeds of modern Saudi-US relations. Specifics include: the Syrian-Egyptian surprise attack, the Arab oil ministers' meeting in Kuwait, the 400 percent price hike, the Saudi-US military cooperation, and the long-term shift in global energy politics. #1973OilEmbargo #SaudiArabia #KingFaisal #OPEC #YomKippurWar #HenryKissinger #Petrodollar #ArabOil #EnergyCrisis #1970s #USMiddleEast #OilPolitics #GlobalHistory #SaudiUS #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #EconomicHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo