The History of Mongolia: From Genghis Khan to Modern Nation — Fexingo History — Tinklalaidė

Mongol Military Tactics: The Art of the Feigned Retreat 21.09.2026 5min

While we have explored the political maneuvering and intelligence networks of the Mongol Empire, this episode turns to the battlefield itself. We examine the legendary feigned retreat, a tactical masterclass that broke enemy lines from Samarkand to Kiev. Lucas walks through the mechanics of the steppe pony’s endurance, the composite bow’s range, and how Subutai coordinated these maneuvers across vast distances. Luna asks about the psychological impact on defenders who chased an apparent victory into ambush. We look at specific engagements like the Battle of Legnica and the siege of Kyiv, detailing how discipline prevented the pursuit from becoming a rout. This is not just about chaos; it is about calculated deception, rigorous training, and the terrifying efficiency of the tumen system. You will hear how the Mongols turned their perceived weakness—nomadic mobility—into the ultimate weapon against settled armies. #MongolEmpire #GenghisKhan #Subutai #FeignedRetreat #SteppePony #CompositeBow #BattleOfLegnica #SiegeOfKyiv #Tumen #Noyan #Yam #CentralAsia #MilitaryHistory #MedievalWarfare #KhubilaiKhan #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Bureaucrats: The Scribes Who Ran the Empire 20.09.2026 8min

While Genghis Khan’s warriors conquered vast territories, it was a diverse army of scribes and administrators who actually built the Mongol state. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the empire relied on Persian viziers, Chinese ministers, Uighur clerks, and Tibetan monks to manage tax collection, legal codes, and diplomatic correspondence across Eurasia. We look at specific figures like Yelü Chucai, who convinced Kublai Khan to preserve urban centers instead of turning them into pastureland, and Rashid al-Din, whose historical compilations became the primary source for understanding Mongol history itself. The conversation examines the 'Yam' courier system not just as a military asset, but as an administrative backbone that allowed written decrees to travel thousands of miles. You will learn about the complex religious tolerance policies enforced by these bureaucrats, the tension between steppe tradition and settled governance, and how the Mongols’ willingness to hire anyone with literacy skills created one of the most cosmopolitan administrations in pre-modern history. This is the story of the pens that wielded more power than swords in maintaining the Pax Mongolica. #YelüChucai #RashidalDinHamadani #MongolBureaucracy #KublaiKhan #PersianViziers #UighurScript #PaxMongolica #CentralAsianHistory #MongolAdministration #ChineseMinisters #TibetanMonks #YamCourierSystem #Ilkhanate #YuanDynasty #GoldenHorde #MongolEmpire #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Naval Defeats: Japan and Java 19.09.2026 6min

While the Mongol Empire is famous for its land conquests, their attempts to project power across water ended in catastrophic failure. This episode explores two distinct naval disasters that halted Kublai Khan’s expansion: the invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, and the failed campaign against the Majapahit Empire in Java in 1293. We examine how typhoons, or kamikaze winds, destroyed the first Japanese fleet, but more importantly, how logistical failures, poor ship design, and fierce local resistance led to the total collapse of the Java expedition. Lucas and Luna discuss the specific tactics used by Mongol commanders like Temüder and the strategic miscalculations that turned a potential empire into a cautionary tale of overextension. #MongolEmpire #KublaiKhan #JapanInvasions #Majapahit #JavaCampaign #Kamikaze #Temüder #YuanDynasty #NavalHistory #MaritimeAsia #1274 #1281 #1293 #GenghisKhanLegacy #CentralAsia #History #FexingoHistory #AsianHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Plague: How Disease Built an Empire 18.09.2026 8min

We often trace the rise of the Mongol Empire through military tactics, political alliances, and trade routes like the Silk Road. But there is another force that shaped their expansion as much as any composite bow or yam relay station: infectious disease. In this episode, we explore how the Mongol conquests inadvertently created the first true global pandemic. We look at the siege of Caffa in 1346, where biological warfare may have been deployed by the Golden Horde, and how fleeing merchants carried Yersinia pestis back to Europe. This wasn't just a backdrop event; it was a demographic catastrophe that reshaped medieval society, ended the Pax Mongolica, and altered the trajectory of world history. From the steppes of Central Asia to the ports of Genoa, we examine the biological cost of empire and the strange irony that the very networks Genghis Khan built to connect the world also served to spread its deadliest pathogens. #MongolEmpire #BlackDeath #YersiniaPestis #SiegeOfCaffa #GoldenHorde #Janibeg #PaxMongolica #MedievalHistory #CentralAsia #BubonicPlague #SilkRoad #Genoa #Khanbaliq #HistoricalEpidemiology #BiologicalWarfare #14thCentury #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Yurt: Engineering Nomadic Comfort 17.09.2026 6min

We often picture the Mongol Empire as a machine of war, but its true foundation was architectural. In this episode, Lucas and Luna unpack the engineering marvel of the ger (or yurt), the portable home that allowed an empire to move across continents without losing its heart. We explore the intricate lattice structure of the khana, the felt insulation crafted from sheep wool, and the precise geometry that made these tents wind-resistant and surprisingly warm. This wasn't just shelter; it was a mobile city center, a diplomatic venue, and a symbol of order in the chaos of the steppe. We look at how the design evolved under Genghis Khan’s unification, standardized by the Yassa laws, and how it facilitated the Pax Mongolica by ensuring that even the lowest soldier lived in a space that offered dignity and protection. From the central crown ring called the toono to the door facing south for spiritual reasons, every component tells a story of adaptation and survival. Join us as we dismantle the myths of barbarism and reveal the sophisticated craftsmanship that kept one of history’s largest empires together, one tent at a time. #MongolEmpire #GenghisKhan #YurtConstruction #NomadicLife #CentralAsiaHistory #SteppeCulture #GerDesign #KhansFamily #PaxMongolica #FeltMaking #TengriBeliefs #NomadicArchitecture #MongoliaTravel #HistoricalEngineering #YassaCode #SilkRoadHistory #EurasianHistory #HistoryPodcast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Women: The Hidden Architects of Empire 16.09.2026 6min

While Genghis Khan’s conquests dominate popular history, the stability of the Mongol Empire relied heavily on its women. This episode explores the political power held by khatuns like Sorghaghtani Beki, who navigated the treacherous succession after Ögedei Khan’s death, and Dokuz Khatun, who ruled as regent for decades in the Ilkhanate. We examine how these women managed vast estates, commanded loyalty from nobles, and preserved Nestorian Christian traditions within a pagan empire. Through the lens of primary sources like the Secret History and Persian chronicles, we uncover how Mongol women wielded influence not just through marriage, but through direct governance, diplomatic marriages that forged alliances across Eurasia, and their role in protecting religious minorities. Discover how figures like Töregene Khatun stepped into the void of male leadership during crises, shaping the destiny of the Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty, proving that the steppe was not merely a man’s world, but a shared arena of power where female agency defined the empire’s longevity. #SorghaghtaniBeki #DokuzKhatun #TöregeneKhatun #MongolEmpire #GoldenHorde #Ilkhanate #YuanDynasty #NestorianChristianity #SteppeWomen #Regency #ÖgedeiKhan #KublaiKhan #HulaguKhan #MongolHistory #CentralAsia #MedievalPolitics #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Siege of Samarkand: Revenge and Ruin 15.09.2026 7min

In this episode, we leave the administrative centers of Karakorum and Khanbaliq behind to examine one of the most visceral moments in Mongol expansion: the siege and sack of Samarkand in 1220. While earlier episodes covered the broader mechanics of the Yassa law, the intelligence networks of the Jamchis, and the diplomatic missions of figures like Rabban Bar Sauma, we rarely pause to stand in the dust of that specific battlefield. Lucas and Luna walk through how Genghis Khan’s initial diplomatic overtures to Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm collapsed into betrayal, leading directly to the slaughter at Otrar. We explore the tactical brilliance of Subutai and Jebe as they encircled the city, the brutal efficiency of the ear-cutting method used to signal surrender, and the sheer scale of destruction that erased a jewel of the Islamic world from the map. This is not just about conquest; it is about the psychological terror that served as a weapon of statecraft, and how the ruins of Samarkand became a symbol of what happens when you cross the Great Khan. #MongolEmpire #GenghisKhan #Samarkand #KhwarezmShah #Subutai #Jebe #Otrar #ShahMuhammadII #MongolInvasion #CentralAsiaHistory #SiegeOfSamarkand #13thCentury #YassaLaw #SteppeWarfare #IslamicGoldenAge #Noyan #Tumen #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Secret Police: The Jamchis of the Steppe 14.09.2026 7min

While we have covered the Yam relay system, the diplomatic envoys, and the women who ruled empires, there is a darker, more pervasive engine driving the Mongol Empire: the Jamchi. These were not just spies in the Western sense; they were a vast, bureaucratic network of informants embedded in every corner of the Yuan Dynasty and the Golden Horde. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Genghis Khan institutionalized fear and intelligence gathering to maintain control over his rapidly expanding territories. We look at specific figures like Liu Taishi, the Uighur administrator who helped structure these networks, and examine the Yassa law that empowered them. How did an empire spanning from Korea to Hungary manage internal dissent without modern communication? The answer lies in the Jamchi—a shadowy apparatus that reported on everything from tax evasion to whispered criticism of the Khan. This episode peels back the curtain on the administrative ruthlessness that held the Pax Mongolica together. #MongolEmpire #Jamchi #GenghisKhan #YassaLaw #LiuTaishi #SecretPolice #IntelligenceNetwork #YuanDynasty #GoldenHorde #SteppeHistory #CentralAsia #SpiesAndEspionage #MongolAdministration #Karakorum #Informants #PaxMongolica #UighurCulture #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Monasteries: How the Steppe Became Buddhist 13.09.2026 7min

For centuries, the Mongol Empire was defined by its shamanic roots and relentless military expansion. But by the late thirteenth century, a profound cultural shift occurred that would reshape Central Asian spirituality for millennia. This episode explores how Kublai Khan’s patronage of Tibetan Buddhism transformed the steppe from a land of Tengri worship into a center of Buddhist scholarship and monasticism. We trace the journey through figures like Phagpa, the Sakya hierarch who became Kublai’s spiritual advisor, and examine the political mechanics behind this conversion. The discussion covers the construction of grand temples in Khanbaliq, the translation of scriptures into Mongolian, and the complex relationship between the Yuan court and Tibetan religious authority. We also look at how this faith spread northward to the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, creating a shared religious language across the fragmented khanates. Unlike previous episodes focusing on warfare or trade, we delve into the intellectual and spiritual architecture that sustained the empire after the sword fell silent. #KublaiKhan #TibetanBuddhism #SakyaSchool #Phagpa #YuanDynasty #MongolEmpire #CentralAsiaHistory #ReligiousHistory #ShamanismToBuddhism #Khanbaliq #GoldenHorde #Ilkhanate #PaXaMonks #Thangkas #Lamaism #SteppeCulture #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Empire's Global Intelligence Network 12.09.2026 7min

Episode 234 explores the sophisticated intelligence apparatus that allowed the Mongol Empire to conquer and administer a vast territory spanning from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. While previous episodes have touched on the Yam relay system and individual spies, this conversation focuses on the Jamchi agents who operated within conquered cities, gathering political and military data for Karakorum. Lucas and Luna examine how figures like Liu Taishi established these networks in China, while Rabban Bar Sauma’s journeys reveal the religious and cultural layers of espionage in the Ilkhanate. The episode details the recruitment of Uighur, Nestorian, Tibetan, and Islamic officials to create a multi-lingual surveillance state that relied on loyalty rather than just force. Listeners will discover how this hidden infrastructure prevented rebellions and facilitated the Pax Mongolica by providing Kublai Khan and other khans with real-time information about their subjects. #Jamchi #LiuTaishi #RabbanBarSauma #Karakorum #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #SecretHistory #Uighur #Nestorian #Tibetan #Islamic #PaxMongolica #Yam #Paiza #GenghisKhan #KublaiKhan #History #FexingoHistory #CentralAsia Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Horses: The Steppe Ponies That Built an Empire 11.09.2026 7min

While we often focus on the warriors, weapons, and political maneuvers of the Mongol Empire, the true engine of their conquest was a small, hardy horse bred specifically for the harsh conditions of the Eurasian steppe. This episode explores the biology, breeding, and logistical reality of the Mongol steppe pony, examining how these animals could survive on minimal fodder, endure extreme temperatures, and carry heavy riders over vast distances without rest. We look at the genetic traits that made them unique, the role of the mare's milk in sustaining campaigns, and the devastating impact on European and Middle Eastern horse breeds that were ill-suited to this new standard of mobility. From the grazing patterns in the Dzungarian Basin to the strategic implications of having a cavalry that required no supply train, we uncover why the Mongol horse was arguably more dangerous than any sword. #History #FexingoHistory #MongolEmpire #SteppePony #GenghisKhan #EurasianHistory #MilitaryLogistics #EquineBreeds #CentralAsia #CavalryTactics #NomadicLife #Yassa #Karakorum #DzungarianBasin #CompositeBow #HorseBreeding #Subutai #KhubilaiKhan Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Secret Police: The Jamchis of the Steppe 10.09.2026 7min

We often think of Genghis Khan’s empire as built on the composite bow and the tumen, but its true spine was a network of informants known as Jamchis. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how these spies operated across Eurasia, turning information into the empire’s most valuable currency. We look at the case of the Song Dynasty general Liu Taishi, who used Mongol spies to feed false intelligence to his enemies, and we examine how the Jamchis navigated the complex religious landscape of the Ilkhanate and Golden Horde. From Uighur scribes to Nestorian monks, these agents gathered everything from trade routes to succession disputes, ensuring that Karakorum remained the center of global power long after the horses had stopped galloping. It is a story of how data, not just steel, conquered the world. #MongolEmpire #GenghisKhan #Jamchi #IntelligenceHistory #YamNetwork #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #LiuTaishi #SongDynasty #UighurScribes #NestorianMonks #Karakorum #SteppePolitics #MedievalEspionage #PaxMongolica #CentralAsiaHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Empire's Forgotten Jewish Spies 09.09.2026 8min

In this episode of The History of Mongolia, we uncover the surprising role of Jewish merchants and diplomats in connecting the vast Mongol Empire. While earlier episodes covered the Yam postal system and general espionage, this story focuses on specific individuals like Rashid al-Din Hamadani and the network of Jewish communities that facilitated trade and intelligence across Eurasia. We explore how these figures operated within the Ilkhanate and Golden Horde, navigating complex religious and political landscapes to become indispensable intermediaries for Kublai Khan and his successors. From Baghdad to Karakorum, their stories reveal a side of Mongol administration often overlooked in popular history. Join Lucas and Luna as they trace the footsteps of these unsung heroes, examining primary sources like the Secret History of the Jews and Persian chronicles to piece together their influence. This narrative challenges traditional views of Mongol rule, highlighting the multicultural tapestry that held the empire together through commerce, faith, and diplomacy rather than just military might. #MongolEmpire #JewishHistory #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #RashidAlDin #KublaiKhan #YamSystem #MedievalTrade #CentralAsia #Diplomacy #Spies #PersianChronicles #SecretHistory #Eurasia #Maragheh #Baghdad #Karakorum #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Empire's Forgotten Architects of Peace 08.09.2026 6min

While we often remember the Mongols for their devastating conquests, their greatest legacy may lie in the quiet administration that held their vast empire together. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the sophisticated bureaucratic machinery built by Uighur scribes, Persian viziers, and Chinese administrators under Kublai Khan. We dive into the daily reality of governance in Khanbaliq, examining how these non-Mongol elites managed taxation, law, and diplomacy across three continents. From the intricate paper money systems to the diplomatic networks that connected Europe to Asia, we uncover the human faces behind the empire’s stability. You will meet figures like Sa’ad al-Din, a Jewish physician turned grand vizier, and learn about the complex religious tolerances that defined the Yuan court. This is not just a story of war, but of the unlikely coalitions that made the Pax Mongolica possible, revealing how diverse cultures were woven into a single, functioning administrative tapestry. #MongolEmpire #YuanDynasty #KublaiKhan #UighurScribes #PaxMongolica #SaadAlDin #Khanbaliq #PaperMoney #MedievalAdministration #SilkRoadHistory #ReligiousTolerance #PersianViziers #JewishPhysicians #CentralAsianHistory #Bureaucracy #DiplomaticSpies #GenghisKhanLegacy #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Paper Money: The First Fiat Currency 07.09.2026 6min

While earlier episodes covered the Yam, the Keshig, and the military might of the Mongol Empire, this episode explores an unexpected innovation: paper money. In the 13th century, Kublai Khan introduced Jiaochao, a fiat currency system that predated European adoption by centuries. We examine how Genghis Khan’s successors managed inflation, relied on Uighur scribes to administer the economy, and faced rebellion when their credit collapsed. This story reveals the delicate balance between imperial power and economic trust in the Yuan Dynasty. #KublaiKhan #YuanDynasty #PaperMoney #Jiaochao #FiatCurrency #MongolEconomy #UighurScribes #InflationHistory #CentralAsia #GreatYasa #Karakorum #Khanbaliq #MarcoPolo #Huizi #SongDynasty #TangDynasty #EconomicHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Women Who Shaped the Steppe 06.09.2026 9min

We often picture the Mongol Empire as a male-dominated military machine, but the story of the Great Khans was deeply intertwined with the political acumen of their mothers and wives. This episode explores the lives of Sorghaghtani Beki, the Nestorian Christian mother of Kublai Khan who navigated complex court politics to ensure her son’s succession, and Dokuz Khatun, the powerful regent of the Chagatai Khanate who maintained stability in Central Asia after her husband's death. We also look at Töregene Khatun, Ögedei Khan’s widow who ruled as regent for two years, proving that female leadership was not just tolerated but essential to the empire's cohesion. Through their stories, we see how these women managed alliances, preserved cultural traditions, and wielded influence in a society where the steppe pony and the composite bow were only half the equation. #SorghaghtaniBeki #DokuzKhatun #TöregeneKhatun #MongolEmpire #KublaiKhan #ÖgedeiKhan #GoldenHorde #ChagataiKhanate #Ilkhanate #NestorianChristianity #SteppeWomen #MongolHistory #CentralAsia #Regency #YassaLaw #BurkhanKhaldun #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Secret Mongol Code: Yassa Law and Daily Life 05.09.2026 8min

We have spent many episodes discussing the Mongol Empire’s military machinery, from the devastating sieges of Kiev and Baghdad to the intricate postal network known as the yam. But how did a nomadic confederation maintain order across such vast, diverse territories without a centralized bureaucracy? The answer lies in the Yassa, the secret legal code attributed to Genghis Khan that governed everything from property rights to religious tolerance. In this episode, we move beyond the battlefield to explore the domestic and administrative life of the empire under the Yassa. We will examine specific articles of the code, such as the strict protection of water sources, the regulation of marriage and inheritance, and the severe penalties for theft and treason. By looking at the Yassa through the lens of both primary sources like the Secret History of the Mongols and later accounts by travelers like William of Rubruck, we uncover a society that was far more structured and legally sophisticated than its reputation suggests. Join us as we peel back the layers of Mongol governance to reveal the laws that held the largest contiguous land empire in history together. #MongolEmpire #YassaLaw #GenghisKhan #SecretHistory #NomadicLaw #CentralAsiaHistory #SteppeCulture #MedievalLaw #ImperialAdministration #ReligiousTolerance #Karakorum #WilliamOfRubruck #PastoralSociety #InheritanceRules #WaterRights #MongolLegalSystem #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Silk Road: How Trade Built an Empire 04.09.2026 11min

While the Mongols are often remembered for their terrifying cavalry and devastating sieges, their most enduring legacy was the radical transformation of global commerce. This episode explores the Pax Mongolica, the period of relative peace that allowed the Silk Road to flourish like never before. We examine how Genghis Khan’s successors, particularly Ögedei and Kublai, implemented policies that protected merchants, standardized weights, and facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies across Eurasia. Through the stories of traders like Marco Polo and Rabban Bar Sauma, we see how a network of caravanserais and postal stations connected Chang’an to Constantinople, turning distant empires into trading partners. The discussion also delves into the financial innovations of the era, including the use of paper money and credit systems, which challenged traditional notions of wealth and power. By looking at the daily lives of those who traversed these dangerous routes, we uncover a side of Mongol history defined not by conquest, but by connection. #PaxMongolica #SilkRoad #GenghisKhan #MarcoPolo #RabbanBarSauma #ÖgedeiKhan #KublaiKhan #Caravanserai #PaperMoney #UighurScript #YamSystem #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #YuanDynasty #TradeRoutes #EurasianHistory #MedievalCommerce #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mongol Empire's Secret Diplomatic Spies 03.09.2026 9min

While previous episodes have explored the military might and postal systems of the Mongol Empire, this episode reveals the human intelligence network that made it all possible. We focus on the role of the 'Yam' messengers not just as carriers of orders, but as deep-cover spies who infiltrated enemy courts in China, Persia, and Europe. Through the story of Rabban Bar Sauma, a Nestorian Christian monk from Beijing who traveled west to meet European kings, we see how cultural curiosity and religious tolerance served imperial interests. Lucas details how these agents gathered political intelligence, mapped trade routes, and negotiated alliances long before armies arrived. Luna questions how such diverse groups maintained loyalty across thousands of miles. The episode highlights specific figures like the diplomat Ismail Afridi and the strategic use of religious freedom to gather secrets. It is a look at the soft power that underpinned the hard power of the steppe. #MongolEmpire #IntelligenceHistory #Diplomacy #RabbanBarSauma #YamSystem #NestorianChristianity #Ilkhanate #GoldenHorde #KhubilaiKhan #MarcoPolo #CentralAsia #SilkRoads #Espionage #MedievalHistory #Tangut #Uighur #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #WorldHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Mongol Medicine: Healing the Empire's Wounds 02.09.2026 7min

While we often think of the Mongol Empire through the lens of conquest, their greatest innovation might have been medical. This episode explores how Genghis Khan institutionalized healthcare across his vast domains, creating a system that blended shamanic traditions with Chinese herbalism, Islamic surgery, and Nestorian Christian prayer. We follow the journey of Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Ilkhanate’s chief historian and physician, who compiled the Jami al-Tawarikh, a massive work that preserved centuries of medical knowledge from Baghdad to Beijing. Through the story of Kitbuqa Noyan’s recovery and the establishment of bimaristans in Karakorum and Tabriz, we see how the Mongols viewed health as a matter of state security. Lucas and Luna discuss the specific remedies used by court physicians, the role of women in Mongol medicine, and why this early public health infrastructure collapsed after the empire fractured. #MongolMedicine #RashidAlDin #IlkhanateHistory #Bimaristan #Karakorum #Tabriz #KitbuqaNoyan #GenghisKhan #YassaLaw #IslamicMedicine #ChineseHerbalism #NestorianChristianity #Shamanism #JamiAlTawarikh #MedievalHealthcare #CentralAsiaHistory #MongolEmpire #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo