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• REBEL Core Cast—Nitrous Oxide Toxicity: Whippets and Neurologic Injury 15.06.2026 11min

  REBEL Rundown Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. What Is Nitrous Oxide? Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a colorless, odorless inhaled anesthetic that has been used for centuries, particularly in the surgical world. Mechanistically, it can induce euphoria, anxiolysis, and intoxication via NMDA receptor antagonism.During the late twentieth century, nitrous oxide was increasingly used recreationally due its accessibility and perceived benign nature.The modern day slang term for nitrous oxide is “whippets” – which tends to refer to the canisters that contain this agent and are frequently used as whipped cream foaming agents.Despite the legal nature and benign perception of nitrous, frequent use can lead to lasting and permanent neurologic effects. How Nitrous Oxide Causes Toxicity Nitrous oxide toxicity results from its ability to oxidize the cobalt moiety in Vitamin-B12, thus leading to a functional B12 deficiency, despite adequate consumption and absorption.1Functioning B12 is needed as a cofactor for methionine synthase.2 This enzyme has two critical roles:The conversion of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate; tetrahydrofolate is essential for the synthesis of our DNA.And the conversion of homocysteine to methionine; methionine is needed to maintain the integrity of the myelin sheath of our axons.As a result, nitrous toxicity leads to: a megaloblastic anemia and demyelination of both the dorsal columns and the lateral corticospinal tracts (also known as subacute combined degeneration). Clinical Manifestations of Nitrous Oxide Toxicity These patients will have a combination of both upper and lower motor neuron symptoms due to demyelination of the dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and peripheral nerves. As a result, the following may manifest:Dorsal Columns: diminished sense of proprioception, vibration, and fine touch.Lateral Corticospinal Tracts: upgoing plantars, hyperreflexia, weakness of voluntary distal muscle controlPeripheral Nerves: numbness/tingling and weakness in a glove and stocking pattern (symptoms that start initially in the feet and hands that progressively spread proximally to the ankles and wrists)Taking all of this into account, patients may present with difficulty ambulating, positive Romberg sign, dysmetria (difficulty with finger to nose or heel to shin), upgoing Babinski reflex, and decreased strength and sensation in a glove and stocking pattern. How to Diagnose Nitrous Oxide Neurotoxicity History is key! As with a lot of pathologies in toxicology, identifying the exposure will expedite management.A thorough neurologic exam will narrow the differential – with a particular focus to fine, peripheral motor and sensory deficits, dysmetria, proprioception, and ability to ambulate.Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine may identify enhancement and/or edema of the dorsal columns, specifically on T2 weight axial imaging – sometimes referred to as the “inverted V” or “inverted rabbit ears appearance.”3Serum B12 concentrations may be normal as the issue is with a functional deficiency as opposed to a vitamin absence. However, patients have elevated concentrations of both homocysteine and methylmalonic acid, both of which are metabolized in the presence of functional B12. Management of Nitrous Oxide Toxicity First and foremost, cessation of nitrous oxide abuse is crucial to limit/prevent toxicity.While there is no universally agreed upon treatment regimen, supplementation with intramuscular B12 is recommended.Approaches vary from daily or every other day injections until symptoms improve at which point injections can be spaced out to weekly and then monthly.Physical and occupational therapy may be needed depending on the degree of functional debility.It is important to note, that depending of the severity and chronicity of toxicity, some proportion of patients may not fully return to their baseline. Take-Home Points Though legal and seemingly benign, nitrous oxide abuse can lead to permanent neurologic dysfunction.Nitrous oxide toxicity can affect the dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and peripheral nerves.Thus leading to a constellation of both upper and lower motor neuron deficits, particular in a glove and stocking pattern: deficits in proprioception and fine motor skills, positive Romberg, upgoing Babinski, peripheral numbness, tingling, and weakness.Magnetic resonance imaging may identify symmetric high signal intensity in the dorsal columns.Treatment includes B12 supplementation and physical/occupational therapy as needed. References Long H. Chapter 81. Inhalants. In: Nelson LS, et al. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2019Shah K, Murphy C. Nitrous Oxide Toxicity: Case Files of the Carolinas Medical Center Medical Toxicology Fellowship. J Med Toxicol. 2019 Oct;15(4):299-303. doi: 10.1007/s13181-019-00726-x. Epub 2019 Aug 6. PMID: 31388940; PMCID: PMC6825085.Schmitz ZP, Hoffman RS. Magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with nitrous oxide-induced subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023 Nov;61(11):1006-1008. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2286205. Epub 2023 Dec 19. PMID: 38060330. Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Associate Editor Anand Swaminathan MD, MPH All Things REBEL EM Meet The Team Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast – Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies: Beyond Viral Season Welcome to the Rebel Core Content Blog, where we delve ... Pediatrics Read More REBEL Core Cast 143.0–Ventilators Part 3: Oxygenation & Ventilation — Mastering the Balance on the Ventilator When you take the airway, you take the wheel and ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More REBEL Core Cast 142.0–Ventilators Part 2: Simplifying Mechanical Ventilation – Most Common Ventilator Modes Mechanical ventilation can feel overwhelming, especially when faced with a ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More REBEL Core Cast 141.0–Ventilators Part 1: Simplifying Mechanical Ventilation — Types of Breathes For many medical residents, the ICU can feel like stepping ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More REBEL Core Cast 140.0: The Power and Limitations of Intraosseous Lines in Emergency Medicine The sicker the patient, the more likely an IO line ... Procedures and Skills Read More REBEL Core Cast 139.0: Pneumothorax Decompression On this episode of the Rebel Core Cast, Swami takes ... Procedures and Skills Read More Showing Slide 1 of 7 The post REBEL Core Cast—Nitrous Oxide Toxicity: Whippets and Neurologic Injury appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – Human Factors: The Hidden Architecture of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine 01.06.2026 31min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Human Factors: The unseen behaviors, distractions and considerations critical in emergency medicine and the ICU, influencing patient care beyond just medical knowledge. System Design: Effective system design directly impacts team performance by creating environments that facilitate optimal decision-making. Real-world Application: The application of human factors in healthcare leads to better team dynamics, reduced stress, and improved patient outcomes. It’s Everyone’s Job: Building a culture of adaptability and openness to change can lead to better healthcare delivery, communication and interprofessional relationships Practical Solutions: Start the conversation in departments for actionable and pragmatic changes to current healthcare environments to enhance practitioner efficiency and patient care quality. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Previously Covered and Related Content: REBEL EM: Titles Don’t Make LeadersREBEL MIND: Moving from Junior to Senior Leadership in Emergency CareREBEL MIND: The Dunning-Kruger EffectREBEL MIND: Growth vs Fixed Mindset Introduction Welcome back to Rebel MIND, the podcast where we sharpen the person behind the practitioner. MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. This series emphasizes productivity, provider performance, and team optimization to ensure we are at our best during high-pressure situations. In this episode, host Dr. Mark Ramzy chats with special guests and master educators about the concept of human factors.Dr. Chris Hicks is an emergency physician and trauma team leader at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto, Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of Toronto, and co-founder of Advanced Performance Healthcare Design, a physician-led simulation and design group. Dr. Andrew Petrosoniak is an emergency physician and trauma team leader at St. Michael’s Hospital, and Medical Director of the Unity Health Toronto Simulation Program. He’s an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto where his research focuses on simulation for systems and design improvement and optimizing the care of the bleeding patient. Along with Dr. Hicks, he’s also President of Advanced Performance Healthcare Design, a consulting firm that works with high-performance teams and uses simulation to enhance and design better healthcare spaces Cognitive Question How can the integration of human factors improve decision-making and performance in emergency medicine and critical care environments? What are Human Factors? In the context of healthcare, human factors encompass the interplay between humans, the systems they work within, and the effectiveness of their interactions. It includes elements like communication, system design, environmental conditions, and behavioral patterns affecting individual and team decision-making processes. It’s the collective impact of individual behaviors, team dynamics, and the physical environment on performance and outcomes. The aim is to eliminate issues arising from human error by creating systems and environments that naturally guide and support optimal performance. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? Efficient integration of human factors in high-pressure settings like the Emergency Department (ED) or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) helps mitigate the risks associated with stressful and chaotic environments. By focusing on system designs that account for human behavior, healthcare professionals can reduce errors, enhance team coordination, and ultimately improve patient care. This is crucial as teams are often required to make rapid, life-saving decisions in these environmentsThe design of clinical spaces can either hinder or help efficient care. Poorly arranged equipment or cluttered workspaces increase stress and impede decision-making. Implementing structured design principles, such as dedicated equipment zones and clear visual cues, can streamline workflows and enhance team coordinationIt actually helps pave the way for more efficiency because you end up “working smarter instead of harder”.It speaks directly to the Daniel Kahneman’s theory of Type 2 Thinking – which is a slow, analytical cognitive process requiring deliberate thoughtWe’ll likely create a whole dedicated episode to this but if you want to read more ahead of time on it, check out his book Thinking, Fast and Slow Immediate Action Steps for Your Next Shift **Assess Your Environment**: Take note of any clutter, noise, or layout issues in your workspace that could hinder optimal performance. Identify problem areas that could be optimized.**Recognizable Hard-Stop** – Implement a “Stop-Point” Check for areas or issues that involve more than just patient safety (ie. workflow inefficiencies, sign-out, throughput, etc). Use predefined benchmarks during procedures to ensure clarity and efficiency.**Foster Open Communication** – Encourage an environment where every team member feels comfortable discussing their thoughts and decisions without fear of judgment.**Prototype Solutions** – Work with colleagues to identify problems and brainstorm quick, cost-effective solutions that could be tested in your department.**Role Clarity and Preparation** – Ensure roles are clearly defined and team members are prepared with necessary resources readily available during high-stakes scenarios.**Test and Refine** – Conduct quick pilot tests of new setups or processes during quieter times and gather feedback from your team. Conclusion Human factors play a critical role in shaping healthcare outcomes. Through structured system designs and attention to team dynamics, it is possible to reduce inefficiencies and enhance both patient care and provider well-being. It requires a shift in perspective from seeing design and systems as separate from human behaviors, to seeing them as intricately linked. By incorporating these principles, healthcare professionals can create environments that inherently support better, safer, and more effective patient care. Clinical Bottom Line Incorporating human factors into healthcare isn’t just about preventing errors—it’s about creating an ecosystem where the healthcare team is empowered to perform at their best, even under the most challenging conditions. Implementing small, iterative changes can create a meaningful impact, paving the way for improved systems and processes. This starts by redesigning systems and environments with human factors in mind, which can significantly improve both the efficiency of care delivery and the safety of the healthcare environment. Further Reading Petrosoniak A, Hicks C. M&M rounds 2.0: the future of performance improvement. CJEM. Feb 2025PMID: 39979684Petrosoniak A, Hicks CDesign, build, train, excel: Using simulation to create elite trauma systems. International Anesthesiology Clinics. Publish Ahead of Print.Request the Article herePetrosoniak A, Hicks C, et al. Design Thinking-Informed Simulation: An Innovative Framework to Test, Evaluate, and Modify New Clinical Infrastructure. Simul Healthc. 2020 Jun 2020.PMID: 32039946Bleetman A, et al.Human factors and error prevention in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J. May 2012PMID: 21565880Hayden EM, et al.Human Factors and Simulation in Emergency Medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Feb 2018PMID: 28925571 Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Chris Hicks, MD, Med Co-Founder of Advanced Performance Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada Andrew Petrosoniak, MD, MSc Co-Founder and President of Advanced Performance Medical Director of Unity Health Toronto Simulation Program Showing Slide 1 of 3 The post REBEL MIND – Human Factors: The Hidden Architecture of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – The Mental Jump: Moving from Junior to Senior Leadership in Emergency Care 04.05.2026 48min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Parallel Tasking: Transitioning from junior to senior roles in medicine involves both personal growth and the development of leadership skills, often simultaneously. Psychological safety: Creating this within teams is critical for fostering an environment where all members feel empowered to speak up and share insights. Big and Small Picture View: Effective leadership requires the ability to zoom in on specific tasks and zoom out to manage the big picture, ensuring comprehensive patient care.  Timing is Everything: The act of asking the right questions at the right time can significantly enhance team dynamics and patient outcomes in high-pressure situations. Talk the Talk: Creating and practicing clear, structured communication strategies can assist in smooth transitions and effective leadership during medical emergencies. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Previously Covered and Related Content: REBEL EM: Titles Don’t Make LeadersEM Cases: Four Key Learnings from a Career in Emergency Medicine Leadership Introduction Welcome back to REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. Hosted by Dr. Mark Ramzy, with special guest Dr. Dan Dworkis, an emergency physician and author of “The Emergency Mind,” this episode dives into the complex journey from junior to senior leadership in medical settings.You can learn more about Dan’s work and the Emergency Mind Project hereHe has a phenomenal book called “The Emergency Mind: Rewiring Your Brain for Performance Under Pressure“ that you can purchase here! Cognitive Question How do medical professionals effectively transition from junior to senior roles, and what mental shifts are necessary to manage these evolving responsibilities? How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? Transitioning from a junior to a senior role in the emergency department or ICU is akin to stepping onto a new stage where the performance demands are higher, and the stakes significantly greater. While juniors focus on learning their craft and understanding themselves, seniors are expected to manage and lead entire teams, often making life-saving decisions under pressure. This transition challenges not only their clinical skills but also their ability to lead effectively and maintain psychological safety within their teams.By fostering an environment where every team member feels valued and heard, senior leaders can harness the collective intelligence of the group, ensuring better patient outcomes and a more effective response to emergencies. Immediate Action Steps for Your Next Shift **Exercise Intentional Questioning**: Start your next shift by focusing on how you ask questions. Aim to frame queries in a way that invites discourse and challenges assumptions.**Develop Peripheral Awareness**: As you conclude critical tasks, practice expanding your focus from the immediate to the wider context, considering broader departmental needs. **Promote Inclusive Participation**: Encourage junior team members to share their observations and insights by specifically inviting their input during debriefs and planning.**Conduct Leadership Experiments**: On your next shift, try altering your leadership approach—whether it’s how you communicate or delegate—and reflect on its effectiveness with colleagues. **Create Psychological Safety**: Work towards fostering a safe environment for open communication, ensuring that all team members feel comfortable speaking up without fear of retribution. Conclusion Transitioning from a junior to a senior leadership role in the medical field is not just about honing your clinical skills but also about growing as a leader who can guide a team under intense pressure. By focusing on intentional communication, fostering psychological safety, and keeping an eye on both the details and the bigger picture, you can enhance your effectiveness as a leader. Continuous reflection and feedback are essential to mastering these skills, ensuring that both you and your team provide the highest level of care for your patients. Clinical Bottom Line Leadership in medicine is about more than making decisions—it’s about creating an atmosphere where every voice is heard, ensuring optimal functioning of the team. As you grow into your senior role, remember that fostering psychological safety and practicing strategic communication can make all the difference in patient outcomes and team dynamics. Further Reading Collins-Nakai R. Leadership in medicine. Mcgill J Med. 2006 Jan;9(1):68-73. PMID: 19529813Chen TY. Medical leadership: An important and required competency for medical students. Tzu Chi Med J. 2018 Apr-Jun. PMID: 29875585 Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Dan Dworkis, MD, PhD Founder of Emergency Mind Project Assistant Professor at Keck School of Medicine at USC and Chief Medical Officer at Mission Critical Team Institute Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL MIND – The Mental Jump: Moving from Junior to Senior Leadership in Emergency Care appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – Growth vs Fixed Mindset in Medicine 01.04.2026 33min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Growth mindset transforms learning – Residents and students who believe skills can be developed are more open to feedback, more resilient after failure, and more engaged in practice. Language matters in feedback – Simple reframes such as “You’re developing procedural skills” instead of “You’re not strong at procedures” encourage persistence and normalize the learning curve. Mindset shapes team culture – Growth mindset leaders foster psychological safety, invite input, and create collaborative teams. Fixed mindset hierarchies, on the other hand, silence voices and can compromise patient care. Growth mindset protects against burnout – By reframing mistakes as part of the process, clinicians reduce perfectionism and shame, bolstering resilience and wellness. Practical steps start with self-talk – Add the word “yet” to limiting beliefs (“I’m not good at X…yet”) and shift feedback questions toward improvement (“What’s one thing I can do better next time?”). Embracing mistakes with a growth mindset – Leads to more effective feedback loops and improvement do this by building a culture of psychological safety is crucial for growth and reducing medical errors. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Previously Covered and Related Content: REBEL EM: The EM MindsetREBEL EM: Titles Dont Make LeadersREBEL EM: Mind of the Resuscitationist with Scott WeingartEM Crit: Making Things Happen with Cliff Reid Introduction Welcome to this episode of REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. Mindset shapes everything we do in medicine—from how we teach and learn to how we show up for patients at the bedside. Drawing from Carol Dweck’s influential book Mindset, this episode of REBEL MIND explores the critical difference between a fixed mindset (believing abilities are innate and static) and a growth mindset (seeing skills as things that can be developed through effort and feedback). We sat down with Dr. Kim Bambach, an emergency medicine physician and medical educator, and Dr. Frank Lodeserto, a dual-trained intensivist and internal medicine program director, to unpack how mindset influences medical education, bedside performance, and physician wellness. In this episode, we delve into how the mindset of clinicians can profoundly influence their performance, professional growth, and ultimately patient care Cognitive Question How does adopting a growth versus a fixed mindset influence clinical performance, medical education and patient outcomes? What is Growth vs Fixed Mindset? In Carol Dweck’s research, two primary mindsets are highlighted: Fixed mindset: Which sees intelligence and skills as staticIn the medical field, adopting a fixed mindset might lead a clinician to avoid complex cases due to fear of failure.Growth mindset: Which views abilities as improvable through dedication and effort. In contrast, a growth mindset encourages embracing challenges as opportunities for learning and development. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? In high-stakes environments like the ICU or the ED, the mindset adopted by healthcare providers can distinctly shape patient care and team dynamics. A fixed mindset might lead to defensive behaviors and a reluctance to engage in challenging cases, potentially stunting personal and professional growth. Conversely, a growth mindset not only fosters resilience and adaptability but also enhances team collaboration and patient outcomes by encouraging open communication, continuous learning, and acceptance of constructive feedback. Immediate Action Steps for Your Next Shift  **Monitor Self-Talk**: Notice your internal narrative when faced with challenges. Replace negative, fixed-mindset thoughts with growth-oriented ones like “Not yet” or “What can I learn from this?”**Promote a Culture of Inquiry**: Challenge yourself and your team to engage in constructive questioning and explore alternative diagnoses or treatment plans to encourage a growth-centered environment.**Model Vulnerability**: Share personal learning experiences and mistakes with colleagues to normalize the growth process and reduce the stigma of imperfection.**Reframe Feedback**: Instead of broadly asking, “How did I do?” inquire, “What’s one thing I can improve on next time?” This shift helps maintain focus on growth rather than performance validationFeedback is a whole another topic that we plan to have dedicated episodes and blog posts. This is an area where sometimes faculty struggle and often learners are asking for more/improved feedback. Conclusion Cultivating a growth mindset in medicine isn’t merely about staying positive; it’s about embracing continuous learning in the face of challenges. It involves creating supportive environments that encourage vulnerability, experimentation, and resilience. By adopting these practices, clinicians can improve not just personal competencies but also enhance patient care quality and safety. Clinical Bottom Line Clinicians who embrace a growth mindset not only enhance their skills but also contribute to a more dynamic, adaptive, and error-resilient healthcare environment. Remember, the best clinicians are those who never stop learning, not the ones who never make mistakes. Episode Audio Edited By: Kim Bambach, MD and Mark Ramzy, DO (Twitter/X/IG: @MRamzyDO)Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_Propersi) Further Reading and References Claro S, Paunesku D, Dweck CS. Growth mindset tempers the effects of poverty on academic achievement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Aug 2. Epub 2016 Jul 18. PMID: 27432947Blackwell LS, et al. Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: a longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Dev. 2007 Feb; PMID: 17328703Hopkins SR, et al. Trainee growth vs. fixed mindset in clinical learning environments: enhancing, hindering and goldilocks factors. BMC Med Educ. 2024 Oct 23 PMID: 39443909Memari M, Gavinski K, Norman MK. Beware False Growth Mindset: Building Growth Mindset in Medical Education Is Essential but Complicated. Acad Med. 2024 Mar 1. Epub 2023 Aug 30. PMID: 37643577 Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Kimberly Bambach, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH Frank Lodeserto, MD Internal Medicine Residency Program Director Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC Showing Slide 1 of 3 The post REBEL MIND – Growth vs Fixed Mindset in Medicine appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• Diastology: Use E/e’ to Estimate Left Atrial Pressure 09.03.2026

  REBEL Rundown Key Points POCUS diastology answers one ED question: Is left atrial pressure (LAP) elevated right now? (not “diagnose diastolic dysfunction”) E/e’ estimates LAP using mitral inflow E (PW Doppler) and annular e’ (TDI) from an apical 4-chamber view Interpretation: E/e’ ≥ 14 → likely elevated LAP (supports cardiogenic pulmonary edema); ≤ 8 → LAP likely normal; 8–14 → indeterminate Fast + actionable: With a decent apical view, E and e’ can be captured in ~60 seconds to guide diuresis/afterload reduction vs non-cardiac pathways Use context: E/e’ performs best in reduced EF and can be confounded by MR/MS, tachycardia, and BiPAP/PEEP Introduction A formal echocardiographic diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction is multivariable, nuanced, and not an ED priority in most acute dyspnea cases.In the emergency setting, the bedside question that changes management is simpler:Is left atrial pressure (LAP) elevated right now?Elevated LAP is the physiologic substrate for cardiogenic pulmonary edema and the target for therapies like diuresis and afterload reduction. “POCUS diastology” is a focused ultrasound approach that helps you answer that question quickly—often faster than CXR, BNP, or a “CHF vs pneumonia” radiology impression. POCUS diastology ≠ chronic diagnosis. It’s a real-time estimate of filling pressure to guide acute resuscitation. Case: Acute dyspnea with an unclear story A 72-year-old obese woman presents with severe dyspnea. EMS placed her on BiPAP for hypoxia. She’s uncomfortable, with bibasilar crackles and faint wheezing.Vitals: BP 166/98, HR 110, RR 22, SpO₂ 86%.Your differential is broad:Pneumonia?COPD exacerbation?Flash pulmonary edema?CXR: “Atypical pneumonia vs pulmonary edema” (not helpful)Labs: WBC 14.1, pBNP 320 (still not helpful)Your bedside ultrasound:The IVC is dilated → tempting to anchor on CHFBut you pause: COPD on BiPAP can also dilate the IVC via increased intrathoracic pressure and RV loading.You obtain a cardiac view:EF looks normal → but that doesn’t rule out elevated filling pressures (hello HFpEF physiology)Does this settle it? Can we give this patient bronchodilators, steroids and antibiotics? The goal of POCUS diastology You’re not trying to label the patient with “diastolic dysfunction.”You’re asking one resuscitation question:Is LAP elevated in this moment?If yes → cardiogenic pulmonary edema becomes much more likely and diuresis/afterload reduction moves up the priority list.If no → search hard for non-cardiogenic causes (COPD, pneumonia, PE, ARDS, etc.). Pathophysiology Refresher Diastolic filling depends on:Intrinsic: LV relaxation, LV compliance, atrial contractionExtrinsic: pericardial pressure, RV function, intrathoracic pressure (BiPAP), volume statusWhen the LV is stiff/noncompliant, blood backs up into the LA → LAP rises → pressure transmits to the pulmonary vasculature → pulmonary edema.This can happen even with normal EF. The POCUS method: E/e’ to estimate LAP To estimate LAP, you measure:E wave: early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (PW Doppler)e’ wave: early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (TDI)Then calculate:E/e’ = Mitral inflow (E) ÷ Mitral annular velocity (e’)This ratio is used as a noninvasive estimate of LV filling pressures and correlates with formal echocardiography-derived estimates.Example formula cited in echo literature:LAP ≈ (1.24 × E/e’) + 1.9Important nuance (keep your wording tight):E/e’ can be used in both preserved and reduced EF, but performance is generally stronger in reduced EF. In normal EF, treat E/e’ as a high-value clue rather than a standalone verdict—especially in the intermediate zone. Spectral Doppler feels intimidating (so let’s make it practical) A lot of POCUS users avoid Doppler because it feels “advanced.”Here’s the reality:If you can obtain a decent apical 4-chamber, you can obtain E and e’.Once the view is good, capturing waveforms is straightforward. Step-by-step: How to get E and e’ in under 60 seconds Mitral inflow E wave (PW Doppler) 1. Obtain an apical 4-chamber view Best view: interventricular septum appears vertical 2. Place the sample gate at the mitral leaflet tips If view isn’t perfectly parallel with flow of blood, consider using Doppler angle correction. 3. Activate Pulse Wave Doppler 4. Freeze the tracing & Identify: E = early filling waveA = atrial contraction wave 5. Measure peak E velocity Take the average of 3 measurements to be more precise. Mitral e’ wave (Tissue Doppler) 1. From the same apical 4-chamber view, switch to TDI & place the gate at the septal mitral annulus 2. Identify e’ (early diastolic annular motion) To accommodate the inflow of blood, the annulus moves basally and away from the probe.The waveforms will always be negatively deflected 3. Measure peak e’ velocity Take the average of 3 measurements to be more precise. Interpreting E/e’ (cutoffs) Resus scenario: back to the bedside You obtain your images:E wave = 110 cm/se’ = 5 cm/sE/e’ = 22That strongly supports elevated LAP and therefore cardiogenic pulmonary edema physiology.Action: You prioritize IV diuresis (and consider afterload reduction as appropriate), while avoiding reflexive bronchodilators/steroids/antibiotics as your default path.Result: The patient’s breathing improves within 30 minutes—less diagnostic drift, fewer unnecessary meds, and potentially fewer intubations. FAQ What is E/e’ on ultrasound?E/e’ is the ratio of mitral inflow (E wave) to mitral annular tissue velocity (e’). It’s used to estimate LV filling pressures and left atrial pressure.What E/e’ value suggests elevated filling pressure?An E/e’ ≥ 14 supports elevated LAP; ≤ 8 suggests normal LAP; 8–14 is indeterminate and should be integrated with other findings.Can E/e’ be used with preserved EF (HFpEF)?Yes, but it’s generally less reliable than in reduced EF. In HFpEF, treat E/e’ as a strong clue—especially when very high—while integrating the full clinical picture.Why not just use BNP or CXR?BNP and CXR can be nonspecific or delayed. E/e’ targets physiology (filling pressure) at the bedside when it matters most.Why aren’t we talking about the E/A ratio?The E/A ratio can be misleading because of the phenomenon of pseudonormalization. In grade 2 diastolic dysfunction the E/A ratio reverts from abnormal to normal; this can be a clinical trap. Bottom Line POCUS diastology doesn’t diagnose chronic diastolic dysfunction—it estimates real-time LAPE/e’ ≥ 14 supports elevated LAP and cardiogenic pulmonary edema physiologyE/e’ ≤ 8 makes elevated LAP less likely—pursue alternative causes of dyspneaWith a decent apical view, E and e’ are obtainable fastThe right call can be diuretics instead of antibiotics, and a better trajectory for your patient Clinical Bottom Line When you suspect pulmonary edema, don’t stop at lung ultrasound or BNP. Reach for your apical view, capture E and e’, and ask the real question:Is the left atrial pressure elevated enough to flood the lungs?With POCUS diastology, you’ll have the answer in under 60 seconds. References Greenstein YY, Mayo PH. Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by the Intensivist. Chest. 2018;153(3):723-732. PMID: 29113815Del Rios et al. Emergency physicians used average e’ (<9 cm/s) alone to assess for diastolic dysfunction. Compared to cardiology standard, agreement was 85.4% (κ = 0.74). Shows the feasibility of streamlined approaches in real ED practice. J Ultrasound Med. 2018 May;37(5):1237-1243ASE/EACVI 2025 Guidelines – The most recent comprehensive guidance on echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function, re-emphasizing the centrality of E/e’ in estimating LAP. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2025 Apr;38(4):278-317 Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (X: @Marco_propersi), Mark Ramzy, DO (X/IG: @MRamzyDO), Jailyn Avilla, MD (Insta: @jailyn_avi) Guest Authors Joseph Felice MD FPD-AEMUS APD, Ultrasound Division Vassar Brothers Hospital Poughkeepsie, New York Neha Kumrah, DO PGY 1 Emergency Medicine Resident Vassar Brothers Hospital Poughkeepsie, New York Showing Slide 1 of 2 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here Diastology: Use E/e’ to Estimate Left Atrial Pressure POCUS diastology doesn’t diagnose chronic diastolic dysfunction—it estimates left atrial ... Procedures and Skills Read More REBEL Core Cast 28.0 – Conference Pearls Take Home Points  No palpable pulse does not equal no ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL Cast Episode 16: Home Treatment of VTE with Rivaroxaban & RV Dilation on Bedside Echo Welcome to the September 2015 REBELCast, where Swami, Matt, and I ... Cardiovascular Read More Showing Slide 1 of 4 The post Diastology: Use E/e’ to Estimate Left Atrial Pressure appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – How to Sleep When the World Says You Can’t 04.03.2026 27min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Try the coffee nap! Where you combine caffeine and a 30-minute nap to then have that boost energy and alertness by the time it kicks in. Sleep isn’t optional—it’s crucial for memory, mood regulation, and physical recovery. It is fundamentally different from rest Replacing sleep with caffeine isn’t effective and can have negative health impacts. Make getting enough sleep a priority Sunlight exposure is important for maintaining circadian rhythms and sleep quality. This applies even if you work as a nocturnist Creating a personalized sleep system enhances quality and consistency. It gives you back control of a schedule that you may feel like is out of your hands. If you’ve tried these strategies and you’re still struggling, consider true sleep pathology (insomnia, shift work disorder, sleep apnea) and get help—this is not a “be tougher” problem. Better sleep isn’t just about feeling good; it’s directly tied to error reduction, patient safety, and longevity in EM/ICU careers. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Previously Covered and Related Content: REBEL Core Cast: Sleep HygieneREBEL MIND: Rest Is Not Sleep: The Seven Dimensions of True RecoveryRebellion in EM: Care For Yourself – Sleep HygieneFirst10EM: Some Evidence For Working Night ShiftsREBEL MIND: Dunning Kruger Effect Introduction Welcome to this episode of REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. Today we are exploring the imperative topic of rest and why it’s not just about sleeping. The second of a two part series, hosted by Dr. Mark Ramzy with guests Dr. Maureen Aiad and Dr. Amil Badoolah, continue our discussion but this time on the multifaceted nature of sleep, how it serves as medicine and how we can use our tools deliberately to get more of it! Cognitive Question How would your clinical performance, patience with families, and long-term career sustainability change if you treated sleep as a non-negotiable clinical intervention rather than a flexible “nice-to-have”? How is Sleep Different From Rest? 1. Rest reduces load; sleep repairs systemsWe previously talked about the 7 types of rest and you can check that out hereExamples of physical rest include: pausing tasks, stepping away from the monitor, taking a walk, stretching, breathing, journaling, connecting with a colleague. This lightens your cognitive/emotional burden.Sleep is fundamentally different in that it’s an active biologic process that helps:Consolidates memory and learning (yes, including the tough cases from last night).Regulates mood, impulse control, and emotional reactivity.Supports immunity, metabolic health, and cardiovascular function.Repairs tissue, replenishes neurotransmitters, and fine-tunes neural networks.You can have “rested but underslept” days (you took breaks but got 4 hours in bed), and “slept but unrested” days (you got hours, but all junk sleep). Both matter, but they are not interchangeable.2. Sleep architecture vs. “knocking out”True restorative sleep cycles through NREM and REM in predictable patterns.Alcohol, late caffeine, and fragmented nights may help you fall asleep faster but:Suppress REM.Shorten deep sleep.Increase awakenings and light sleep.The result: you technically slept, but your brain didn’t get the “software updates” it needed.Biology isn’t built for your scheduleCircadian rhythms were designed for light-day / dark-night cycles, not:10 pm–7 am ED shifts.24-hour calls.6 nights in a row followed by days.Your body can adapt partially, but not instantly and not perfectly. That’s why:You can feel “jet-lagged” even when you haven’t traveled.Sleep before and after nights feels odd and fragile.Recognizing that “this is biologically unnatural” is key: you’re not weak; you’re fighting physiology. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? Performance & safetySleep deprivation:Slows reaction time and increases error rate.Impairs risk assessment and complex decision-making.Drops your frustration tolerance with consultants, families, and staff.In both emergency medicine and critical care, that translates into:Anchoring on the wrong diagnosis.Missing subtle clinical changes.Snapping at a tech, nurse or resident and damaging team culture. Chronic health for chronic shift workLong-term sleep disruption is associated with:Hypertension, diabetes, obesity.Depression, anxiety, burnout.Arrhythmias (e.g., AFib) and increased stroke risk.Possibly increased all-cause mortality.You’re already in a high-stress, high-exposure specialty. Chronically poor sleep amplifies that risk profile and can end a career early—or make you miserable while you’re still in it.Culture of “heroics” vs. healthSkipping sleep to pick up extra shifts, late meetings, or “just one more note” is often praised.We rarely celebrate:The attending who says “no” to a 2 pm meeting post-nights.The resident who defends their blackout-curtains-and-earplugs routine. Different Ways to Improve Your Sleep Clarify your “sleep non-negotiables”Decide how many hours you realistically need to function (e.g., 7–9 on off days, realistic blocks on nights).Treat those hours as you would a procedure time—blocked, protected, and respected.Use caffeine like a drug, not a reflexAim for ≤ 2 cups equivalent on most days.Avoid caffeine within 4–6 hours of your planned sleep time (remember: it can hang around up to 12 hours).Consider scheduling caffeine for:Early in the shift for alertness.Strategic “coffee naps” (see below), not late-night chugging.Respect alcohol’s impact on sleepRecognize that even small to moderate doses degrade sleep architecture.Avoid using alcohol as a “sleep aid”—you’ll fall asleep faster but sleep worse.If you do drink, separate it from bedtime and keep it modest.Optimize food and fluid timingHydrate consistently on shift, but taper fluids ~4 hours before bed to reduce nocturnal bathroom trips.Avoid heavy, spicy, or large meals within 2–3 hours of sleep to decrease reflux and discomfort.Plan a light, balanced “pre-sleep” snack if going to bed hungry keeps you awake.Move your body (but not right before bed)Regular exercise improves sleep depth and latency.Try to avoid intense workouts within 2 hours of bedtime.On shift: micro-movement (stairs, brisk walks between pods, quick stretch sessions) can help alertness without wrecking sleep later.Control light exposureMaximize sunlight or bright light after waking (even if that’s 3–4 pm after a night).Minimize bright light and screens before sleep:Dim lights.Use night mode/blue-light filters if you must scroll.For daytime sleep:Use blackout curtains, tinfoil, cardboard, or sleep masks.Yes seriously use tinfoil if you have to, we talk about it on the podcast episode!Aim for “I might be blind” darkness—so dark you can’t see your hand in front of your face.Dial in your sleep environmentCool room temperature (fan or AC if possible).White noise or sound machine to mask household/traffic noise.Earplugs and eye masks as needed.Bed used primarily for sleep (and sex)—not for charting, doom scrolling, or email.Strategic power napsKeep naps ≤ 20–30 minutes to avoid sleep inertia.Prefer early-afternoon or pre-night-shift naps.Coffee nap strategy:Drink a small coffee.Immediately lie down for a 20–30 min nap.Wake up as the caffeine kicks in, combining nap benefit + stimulant.Thoughtful melatonin useRemember melatonin is a hormone, not a vitamin gummy.Lower doses often work as well as (or better than) large OTC doses.Use it intentionally and intermittently, not as a crutch every night.Over-reliance may reduce your own natural production and its effectiveness over time.Build pre-sleep ritualsRepeated, calming habits signal your body it’s time to downshift:Warm shower, gentle stretching, or yoga.Guided breathing or body scan.Brief journaling or “brain dump” of tasks to get them out of your head and onto paper.Protect from pathologic patternsIf despite consistent effort you:Snore heavily, stop breathing, or gasp in sleep.Feel excessively sleepy driving home or at work.Cannot fall asleep or stay asleep for weeks to months.Consider evaluation for sleep apnea, insomnia, or shift-work sleep disorder with your physician or sleep specialist. Immediate Action Steps for Before/During/After Your Next Shift 1. **Before the Shift**: Plan a 20–90 minute nap before your first night shift (many clinicians find 3–5 hours earlier in the day is ideal).I treat ED and ICU shifts very differently. I always sleep 3-5 hours before my night shifts aiming for the full 5 (sometimes 6 or more) hours for my ED shifts because you always have to be “on”. Depending on the ICU I’m working in, I may have a bit more downtime so 3 to 5 hours is plenty.Set a caffeine plan: decide in advance when your last dose will be (e.g., none after 2–3 am if sleeping at 8–9 am).Tell your household, “This is my sleep block” and agree on a plan for kids, pets, deliveries, etc.On my calendar, I completely block off time called “Pre-call sleep” so no meetings can be scheduled and then put my phone in airplane mode2. **During the Shift** Hydrate early; taper fluids in the last 3–4 hours of your shift Eat something light but adequate; avoid “last-minute” heavy meals right before sign-out.Build in micro-breaks and movement: one or two short walks, a few stretches, even a quick stair run if safe.Get outside or near a window for a few minutes of light exposure if possible.3. **After the Shift**On the way home:Use sunglasses to reduce bright morning light if you’re aiming for sleep soon.Avoid “just checking” email or messages; shift into wind-down mode.At home:Do a brief, calming decompression (shower, light snack, 10–15 minutes of low-stimulation TV or reading).Make your room cold, quiet, and dark (blackout curtains, tinfoil/cardboard, white noise, fan).Put your phone on Do Not Disturb and physically place it away from the bed.On my calendar, I completely block off time called “Post-call sleep” so again no meetings can be scheduled and then I personally don’t just put my phone on Do Not Disturb but rather in airplane mode and WIFI OFF If you can’t sleep after ~20–30 minutes:Get out of bed, do something calming in dim light (breathing, gentle stretching, journaling).Return to bed when sleepy—this trains your brain to associate bed with sleep, not frustration. Conclusion Rest and sleep are both critical—but they’re not interchangeable. Rest helps you step out of the constant “on” of our jobs, while sleep is the biological intervention that restores your ability to show up safely and sustainably. Rest ≠ sleep. Rest reduces load; sleep repairs your brain and body. You need both, on purpose.As EM and ICU clinicians, we’re trying to perform formula-one-level medicine with engines that often only see half their maintenance. You won’t fix shift work. You can build a sleep system that respects your biology, your schedule, and your life at home.That system starts with valuing sleep, then prioritizing it, personalizing it, trusting the process when it’s imperfect, and actively protecting both your routine and your mindset. Clinical Bottom Line Sleep is medicine. Shift work is biologically unnatural. Struggling does not mean you’re weak; it means you’re human fighting physiology. Use your tools deliberately. Caffeine, naps, light, food, movement, melatonin, and environment can be leveraged—or can quietly sabotage you. Build and defend a personalized sleep routine. Communicate it, normalize it, and protect it from casual encroachment. You can’t control every trauma, code, or admission—but you can control how seriously you take your own recovery. Your patients, your team, and your future self all benefit when you do. Further Reading Espie CA. The ‘5 principles’ of good sleep health. J Sleep Res. 2022 Jun; PMID: 34676592Solodar, J“Sleep hygiene: Simple practices for better rest.” Harvard Health, 31 January 2025 Link is HereSuni, E.“Mastering Sleep Hygiene: Your Path to Quality Sleep.” Sleep Foundation, 7 July 2025, Link is Here Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Maureen Aiad, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York Amil Badoolah, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York Showing Slide 1 of 3 REBEL Core Cast 119.0 – Sleep Hygiene REBEL Core Cast 119.0 – Sleep Hygiene Click here for Direct Download of ... Read More Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL MIND – How to Sleep When the World Says You Can’t appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND: Applying Performance Science In and Out of the Emergency Department 18.02.2026 34min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Understanding the Why: The significance of understanding underlying causes, beyond initial diagnoses, in both sports and emergency medicine is explored. Recovery Focus: Emphasizing the importance of recovery time and small daily choices in optimizing performance for both athletes and emergency physicians. Data-Driven Insights: The Arena Labs approach uses personalized data, leveraging wearable technology and expert coaching to tackle burnout and enhance well-being. Personalization and Partnership: Arena Labs’ collaboration with emergency clinicians sheds light on personalized performance solutions rooted in scientific evidence. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Welcome back to REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. In this episode, we’re excited to continue collaboration with Arena Labs, where host Dr. Mark Ramzy interviews Allyn Abadie, Arena Labs’ Principal Scientist on how we can apply performance science in and out of the emergency department. Arena Labs is helping us measure healthcare performance through innovative programs designed to combat burnout and enhance personal wellness using data-driven strategies. Previously Covered on REBEL MIND: Performance Under Pressure – What Medicine Can Learn from Elite TeamsThe Power of Performance Coaching in MedicineRest Is Not Sleep: The Seven Dimensions of True Recovery Cognitive Question How can emergency department clinicians utilize techniques inspired by athletic performance to better manage stress, prevent burnout, and optimize recovery? Why This is Important Burnout among healthcare workers is a growing concern, especially in such high-pressure environments as emergency and intensive care units. The collaboration with Arena Labs brings forth a vital focus on using data and coaching to build resilience among medical professionals. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? Emergency medicine, akin to high-performance sports, demands intense energy and quick decision-making under pressure, often leading to stress and burnout. By applying principles from athletic recovery and personalized data tracking, clinicians can moderate their performance intensity, enhance their recovery even in short breaks, and prevent long-term burnout. This approach allows emergency physicians to maintain endurance and clarity, improving patient care and team dynamics. Things You Can Do on Your Next Shift Measure and Reflect: Start tracking your vital health metrics like heart rate with wearable sensors. Reflect on how daily activities impact these measurements to identify stress patterns.Implement Quick Recovery Techniques: Use short, actionable exercises such as deep breathing or the de-stress breath method between patient encounters to moderate stress levels.Invest in Self-Care: Dedicate brief time slots for essential self-care activities like hydration or quick reflection journaling, aiming to enhance mental resilience throughout your shift.Utilize Coaching Tools: Engage with personalized coaching apps or resources that offer science-backed recovery strategies tailored to your personal and professional needs. Where to Learn More Intrigued by the possibilities this partnership offers? You can explore more by visiting Arena Labs’ website here. Also, check out the comprehensive coaching program available, designed specifically for healthcare providers looking to enhance their well-being and performance. Clinical Bottom Line In an era where burnout is pervasive, our collaboration with Arena Labs offers a beacon of hope for healthcare workers. By leveraging cutting-edge data insights and practical coaching, this partnership aims to redefine healthcare wellness, fostering a sustainable, resilient workforce that’s equipped to navigate the pressures of modern medicine. Join us in this journey towards enhanced well-being and workforce empowerment, ensuring that those who care for us are also cared for. Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark NJ Allyn Abadie Principal Scientist Arena Labs Showing Slide 1 of 2 REBEL MIND – Human Factors: The Hidden Architecture of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Welcome back to Rebel MIND, the podcast where we sharpen the person behind ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND – The Mental Jump: Moving from Junior to Senior Leadership in Emergency Care Welcome back to Rebel MIND, the podcast where we sharpen the person behind ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND – Growth vs Fixed Mindset in Medicine Mindset shapes everything we do in medicine—from how we teach and learn to ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND – How to Sleep When the World Says You Can’t Today we are exploring the imperative topic of rest and why it’s not ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND: Applying Performance Science In and Out of the Emergency Department In this episode, we're excited to continue collaboration with Arena Labs, where host ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL Core Cast 150.0: Emergency Medicine Consults: How to Call a Consult + Handle Pushback (With Scripts) Consults aren’t a formality—they’re a patient-care intervention. In this post, Swami breaks down ... Read More Showing Slide 1 of 7 The post REBEL MIND: Applying Performance Science In and Out of the Emergency Department appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast 150.0: Emergency Medicine Consults: How to Call a Consult + Handle Pushback (With Scripts) 12.02.2026

  REBEL Rundown Key Points The 4 Steps of an ED Consult: Introduce yourself and your role Lead with the outcome (the ask) Give a focused case summary (why it’s theirs + what you’ve done) Close the loop (timeline, next steps, contingencies) Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Today we’re tackling one of the most important (and most under-taught) skills in emergency medicine: how to call a consult in the ED and what to do when a consultant pushes back.To call a consult in the ED, start with a brief introduction, lead with the outcome you need (“the ask”), give a focused decision-relevant summary, and close the loop with timeline and next steps. If the consultant resists, clarify the “why,” restate the ask, offer alternatives, and escalate when patient safety or disposition is at risk.After two decades in emergency medicine and countless consult calls, here’s a simple framework—plus copy/paste scripts—to make your consults faster, clearer, and easier to say “yes” to. Why Consult Skills Matter in Emergency Medicine Consults aren’t a formality—they’re a patient-care intervention. Strong consult communication:Reduces delays in time-sensitive careImproves ED throughput and dispositionDecreases conflict and miscommunicationClarifies ownership and next stepsProtects the patient (and the team) when plans are unclear The 4-Step ED Consult Framework (Introduction → Ask → Summary → Close the Loop) Most consult friction comes from one of two problems: unclear expectations or excessive noise. This four-step structure solves both.1) Introduce yourself and your roleA simple intro sets a professional tone and removes ambiguity.Script: “Hey, this is Swami, one of the ED attendings. I’m calling for an ortho consult.” 2) Lead with the outcome (the ask)Don’t bury the lede. The consultant wants to know what you need—immediately.Script: “I’m calling about a patient with a suspected septic knee. I need you to evaluate for operative management.” 3) Give a focused, decision-relevant summaryYour summary should answer:Why this is your service’s problemWhat’s already been doneWhat I’m worried about / what decision is needed nowScript: “43-year-old man with no major PMH, 3 days of knee pain and swelling. XR negative. Febrile. Aspiration yielded purulent fluid—cultures sent. We started antibiotics after the tap. He’s hemodynamically stable.” High-yield pearl: Add quick “stability anchors” when relevant:“Airway stable, pain controlled.”“Neurovascularly intact.”“No signs of compartment syndrome.”“No hypotension or escalating oxygen requirement.” 4) Close the loop (timeline + next steps)This prevents the consult from floating in limbo and protects patient flow.Script: “When do you expect to see the patient, and do you want anything done before you arrive—NPO, repeat labs, additional imaging?” ED Consult Script General ED Consult Script “Hi, this is Dr. ___ in the ED. I’m calling for a ___ consult. The reason is ___. Briefly: ___ year-old with ___. We’ve done ___ and started ___. I’m concerned about ___. Can you see them today, and what’s your preferred next step?” Septic joint / Ortho Example “Hi, this is Swami in the ED. I need an ortho consult for suspected septic arthritis. 43-year-old with 3 days of atraumatic knee swelling and fever. XR negative. Tap produced purulent fluid—cultures sent. Antibiotics started after aspiration. Can you evaluate for operative management, and when can you see the patient?” Neurology example (time-sensitive) “Hi, this is Dr. ___ in the ED. I need neurology for suspected acute stroke. Last known well ___. NIHSS ___. CT/CTA completed (or pending). I’m calling to discuss candidacy for thrombolysis/thrombectomy and next steps. When can you evaluate and what additional workup do you want now?” Common ED Consult Mistakes (and Fixes) Mistake: Long story before the askFix: Lead with the outcome in the first sentenceMistake: Unfiltered data dumpFix: Provide only decision-relevant detailsMistake: No timelineFix: Ask explicitly when they’ll see the patient and what they need firstMistake: Implicit “ownership”Fix: Clarify who is admitting, who is following, and what happens if the patient worsens What to Do When a Consultant Pushes Back Even a perfect consult can meet resistance. Your job is to stay calm, keep it professional, and protect the patient.1) Ask “why?”Don’t argue first—diagnose the refusal.Script: “Help me understand your concern about seeing this patient.” Many refusals are based on misunderstanding: wrong service, missing key detail, or incorrect assumption about stability.2) Restate the consult in one sentence, then offer optionsIf the conversation starts spiraling, reset it.Script: “To be clear, I’m concerned this is septic arthritis and needs ortho evaluation. If you don’t feel you’re the right service, who should be—rheum, medicine, or another surgical team?” This keeps you collaborative while preventing dead ends.3) Humanize the decision (use sparingly)This is a “high-voltage” tool. Use it when stakes are high and you’ve already clarified the medical facts.Script: “I’m worried we’re missing something time-sensitive. If this were your family member, what would you want us to do next?” Use it to re-anchor to patient risk—not as a guilt tactic. When and How to Escalate a Consult Escalation isn’t personal—it’s a safety mechanism when there’s an impasse that threatens timely care.When to escalateTime-sensitive condition is delayed (e.g., septic joint, cord compression, testicular torsion, GI bleed with instability)No clear disposition plan despite reasonable ED evaluationConsultant refusal blocks needed specialty decision-makingPatient safety or deterioration risk is increasing in the ED How to escalate (lowest to highest intensity)Ask for the consultant’s attending (if speaking to a resident)Call the on-call attending directlyInvolve ED leadership/medical directorEscalate to service chief/department chair (rare, but real)Hospital supervisor/admin escalation for immediate operational impasseScript: “We’re at an impasse and the patient needs a decision. I’m escalating to clarify ownership and ensure timely care.” Documentation Tips for Consult Refusals Documentation should be factual and patient-centered, not punitive.Include:Your clinical concern and why the consult is neededWho you spoke with (name/role)Their stated reason for refusal or delayAlternatives discussedEscalation steps taken and final plan FAQ: Emergency Medicine Consults What is the best way to call a consult in the ED?Introduce yourself, lead with the specific ask, summarize only decision-relevant details, and close the loop with a clear plan and timeline.What should I say when a consultant refuses to see a patient?Ask why, clarify misunderstandings, restate your concern and the ask, and request an alternative plan or appropriate service.When should I escalate a consult?Escalate when an impasse delays time-sensitive care, threatens patient safety, or prevents appropriate disposition.How do I document a refused consult?Document the clinical concern, who you spoke with, their stated reason, alternatives discussed, and escalation steps taken. Conclusion Mastering emergency medicine consults makes you faster, safer, and easier to work with. The goal isn’t to “win” a consult call—it’s to get the patient the right care, with clear ownership and a shared plan. Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Associate Editor Anand Swaminathan MD, MPH All Things REBEL EM Meet The Team Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast 137.0: A Simple Approach to Sinus Tachycardia Sinus tachycardia is the most prevalent cardiac dysrhythmia in critically ... Cardiovascular Read More REBEL Core Cast 136.0: A Simple Approach to the Tachypneic Patient In this episode, we focus on the bedside evaluation of ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More REBEL Core Cast 135.0: A Simple Approach to Hypoxemia (vs. Hypoxia) In this episode, we break down a practical bedside approach ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL Core Cast 134.0 – Acetaminophen Toxicity Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose remains one of the most common causes ... Toxicology Read More Street Medicine: Compassionate Care for the Unhoused Introduction: In this episode of Rebel Cast, host Marco Propersi, ... Read More REBEL Cast Ep91: Static Ultrasound vs Landmark Placement of Subclavian Central Lines Background Information: Central venous catheterization is a common procedure performed in ... Procedures and Skills Read More Showing Slide 1 of 7 The post REBEL Core Cast 150.0: Emergency Medicine Consults: How to Call a Consult + Handle Pushback (With Scripts) appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL CAST – RENOVATE Trial: HFNC vs BPAP in Acute Respiratory Failure 05.02.2026 19min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points HFNC met criteria for non-inferiority to BPAP for preventing intubation or death within 7 days in four of the five ARF subgroups. Bayesian dynamic borrowing increased power across subgroups but created variable certainty, especially in smaller groups such as COPD. The immunocompromised hypoxemia subgroup did not meet non-inferiority, leading to early trial stopping for futility. Rescue BPAP use, subgroup-specific exclusion criteria, and non-standardized BPAP delivery are important contextual factors that influence how subgroup results should be interpreted. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BPAP) has long been a foundational modality in the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF), particularly in COPD exacerbations and cardiogenic pulmonary edema, where it can rapidly reduce work of breathing and improve gas exchange. It remains a core tool in our respiratory support arsenal.High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), however, has expanded what we can offer patients by delivering many of the same physiologic benefits through a far more comfortable interface. With high flows, modest PEEP, and effective dead-space washout, HFNC can improve oxygenation and decrease work of breathing while preserving the ability to talk, cough, eat, and interact with staff and family. This combination of physiologic support and tolerability makes HFNC especially attractive in patients where comfort, anxiety, or cardiovascular stability are key considerations, and in settings where prolonged noninvasive support may be needed. Rather than competing with BPAP, HFNC broadens our options in ARF and allows us to better match the modality to the patient and their underlying disease process.The RENOVATE trial set out to answer a high-impact question across five distinct etiologic groups: Is HFNC non-inferior to BPAP (NIV) for preventing intubation or death in acute respiratory failure? Paper Azoulay É, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: The RENOVATE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025 PMID: 39657981 Previously Covered On REBEL: HFNC: Part 1 – How It WorksHFNC: Part 2 – Adult and Pediatric IndicationsFLORALI and AVOID TrialFLORALI-2: NIV vs HFNC as Pre-Oxygenation Prior to IntubationThe Pre-AeRATE Trial – HFNC vs NC for RSI What They Did CLINICAL QUESTION Is HFNC non-inferior to BPAP for rate of endotracheal intubation or death at 7 days in patients with acute respiratory failure due to a variety of causes? STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, randomized non-inferiority trial33 Brazilian hospitalsNov 2019 – Nov 2023Adaptive Bayesian hierarchical modeling with dynamic borrowingOpen label, outcome adjudicators blindedPatients were classified into 5 subgroups SUBGROUPS 1. Non-immunocompromised hypoxemiaSpO₂ < 90% on room air orPaO₂ < 60 mm Hg on room air plusIncreased respiratory effort (accessory muscle use, paradoxical breathing, thoracoabdominal asynchrony) orRespiratory rate > 25 breaths/min2. Immunocompromised hypoxemiaDefined as:Use of immunosuppressive drugs for >3 monthsOR high-dose steroids >0.5 mg/kg/dayOR solid organ transplantOR solid tumors or hematologic malignancies (past 5 years)OR HIV with AIDS / primary immunodeficiency3. COPD exacerbation with acidosisHigh clinical suspicion of COPD as primary diagnosisRR >25 with accessory muscle use, paradoxical breathing, and/or thoracoabdominal asynchronyABG: pH <7.35 AND PaCO₂ >454. Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE)Sudden onset dyspnea and rales± S3 heart soundNo evidence of aspiration, infection, or pulmonary fibrosisCXR consistent with pulmonary edema5. Hypoxemic COVID-19 (added June 2023)Added due to deviations between expected and observed outcome proportionsAny patient across the other 4 groups with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in any of the above groups POPULATION Inclusion Criteria:≥18 yrs with ARF* in one of 5 pre-defined subgroups excluding COPD was defined by the following:Hypoxemia with SpO₂ <90 or PaO₂ <60Accessory muscle use, paradoxical breathing, and/or thoracoabdominal asynchronyRR >25 BPMExclusion Criteria:Need for emergency intubationProlonged apneic episodesCardiorespiratory arrestGCS <12HR <50 with decreased consciousnessABG pH <7.15Severe agitation requiring heavy sedationHemodynamic instability (MAP <65, SBP <90 despite fluids or requiring high-dose pressors)Contraindications to BPAP (facial trauma, recent esophageal surgery, copious secretions, vomiting, aspiration risk)Pneumothorax or large pleural effusionSevere arrhythmiaThoracic trauma as primary ARF causeAsthma attackCardiogenic shockACS requiring urgent cathARF within 72h post-extubationPost-surgical ARF within 72hHypercapnic ARF due to neuromuscular/chest wall diseasePalliative care or DNIChronic pulmonary disease other than COPD6 hours BPAP prior to randomization (hypoxemic non-immunocompromised, immunocompromised, and COPD groups)Prior BPAP use in ACPE INTERVENTION & COMPARATOR Intervention (HFNC Group):Flow:COPD: Start 30 L/minAll others: Start 45 L/minTitrated up to 60 L/min or highest toleratedFiO₂:Start at 50% and titrate to maintain target SpO₂SpO₂ Targets:COPD: 88–92%Others: 92–98%Rescue Therapy (COPD & ACPE only):If failing maximal HFNC → 1 hour of rescue BPAPIf failing BPAP → immediate intubationWeaningBegin ≥24 hrs once RR <25 and no distressGradual reductions in FiO₂/flowConsidered weaned at:FiO₂ <30% and Flow <25–30 L/minComparator (BPAP Group):Via ICU ventilator or BiLevel deviceInitial Settings:COPD: IPAP 12–16 / EPAP 4Others: IPAP 12–14 / EPAP 8Max settings: IPAP 20 / EPAP 12SpO₂ Targets:COPD: 88–92%Others: 92–98%Titration: Not standardizedSedation: Not standardizedWeaning:After 24 hrsAt clinician discretionConsidered weaned at FiO₂ 30% and EPAP/PS <6 OUTCOMES Primary Outcome:Endotracheal intubation or death within 7 days.Secondary Outcomes:28-day mortality90-day mortality Mechanical ventilation free days at 28 daysICU-free days at 28 daysTertiary Outcomes:Hospital and ICU length of stay within 90 daysVasopressor-free days within 28 daysNew DNI orders within 7 daysPatient comfort  Results: Critical Results MOR: Median Odds RatioMHR: Median Hazard Ratio Strengths Broad, multicenter design: Large multicenter randomized trial comparing HFNC vs BPAP across several etiologies of acute respiratory failure in ED and ICU settings.Etiology-based and COVID-specific subgroups: Patients were stratified into prespecified clinical subgroups (COPD with acidosis, ACPE, immunocompromised hypoxemia, non-immunocompromised hypoxemia), and COVID-19 was later added and analyzed as a separate subgroup rather than being combined with the original ARF categories.Bayesian hierarchical model with dynamic borrowing: The primary analysis used a Bayesian hierarchical framework that allowed information to be borrowed across subgroups when treatment effects were similar and reduced borrowing when subgroups differed.Prespecified non-inferiority and futility rules: Each subgroup had predefined non-inferiority and futility boundaries, and enrollment in the immunocompromised subgroup was stopped early after crossing a futility threshold.Standardized BPAP delivery system: BPAP was delivered using a single BPAP system/interface across participating centers.Single healthcare system and population: All sites were within one national healthcare system, with broadly similar clinician training, practice patterns, and patient populations for that country.Current practice relevance: The trial addresses a post-COVID era question in which HFNC is widely used, providing comparative HFNC vs BPAP data across multiple ARF etiologies in a pragmatic ED/ICU population. Limitations Small subgroup sizes: The COPD (35 vs 42) and immunocompromised (28 vs 22) subgroups included relatively few patients compared with the other etiologic groups.Dependence on borrowing for COPD estimates: COPD treatment-effect estimates in the primary model were heavily influenced by borrowing from other subgroups, and no-borrowing sensitivity analyses showed wider intervals.Pre-randomization BPAP and exclusion criteria: COPD patients could receive up to 6 hours of BPAP before randomization, and ACPE patients judged to require immediate BPAP were excluded from enrollment.Rescue BPAP in the HFNC arm: Patients assigned to HFNC could receive rescue BPAP; BPAP settings were not standardized, and detailed reporting of rescue BPAP management and outcomes (including number of episodes) was limited.Non-standardized weaning strategies: Weaning protocols for HFNC and BPAP were not tightly protocolized or aligned, and HFNC weaning permitted flows down to 25–30 L/min.Single-country setting: All participating centers were located in one country. Side Tangent on Bayesian Adaptive Model Prior to our deep dive into the discussion, lets first explain the importance of the statistical method used in the RENOVATE trial, the Bayesian Adaptive Model.A Bayesian Adaptive Model is a trial design that keeps updating its understanding of which treatment works better as new data are collected, and it allows the trial to change course in real time based on those results.Now imagine you’re comparing two pairs of running shoes. Your goal is to see which one helps runners finish faster, so you measure their race times. Runners try Shoe A or Shoe B, and as the results come in, you analyze the times.If runners wearing Shoe A and Shoe B are finishing within a few seconds of each other, you would conclude the shoes perform similarly,  meaning they are non-inferior.If runners wearing one shoe are consistently finishing much faster, you can say that shoe is superior, and the trial may stop early because you’ve clearly found the better option.If one shoe repeatedly produces slower times compared to the standard, you may stop the trial for inferiority, because continuing would not benefit runners.This approach allows the study to learn as it goes and make decisions based on accumulating evidence rather than waiting until the very end.The Bayesian adaptive model also utilizes a statistical tool known as dynamic borrowing. Dynamic borrowing is a statistical method that allows data from related groups to be shared or pooled when their outcomes appear similar, but automatically reduces or stops that sharing when the groups differ, ensuring accuracy and preventing misleading conclusions.For example, if Shoes A and B are producing similar race times (non-inferior), the coach can combine or “borrow” data from both groups and average their times, which increases statistical precision.However, if one shoe becomes clearly superior or clearly inferior, dynamic borrowing stops, because the race times are no longer comparable and averaging them would distort the results.In this running-shoe analogy, the RENOVATE trial was essentially comparing Shoe A (BPAP) and Shoe B (HFNC) to see which helped patients “run faster,” or achieve better clinical outcomes in 5 different pathologies. In this running-shoe analogy, the RENOVATE trial was essentially comparing Shoe A (BPAP) and Shoe B (HFNC) to see which helped patients “run faster,” or achieve better clinical outcomes across five different respiratory pathologies. As results accumulated, the Bayesian adaptive model used dynamic borrowing and could combine results when both devices performed similarly, but stopped pooling data if one clearly helped patients more or less. Discussion What RENOVATE asked and what it found: The RENOVATE trial is the first multicenter randomized study to directly evaluate whether HFNC is non-inferior to BPAP for preventing intubation or death across multiple etiologies of acute respiratory failure. Overall, HFNC met non-inferiority criteria in four of the five predefined subgroups, with much of the statistical strength coming from the Bayesian borrowing structure. However, several design and analytic choices limit how confident we can be in these findings across all groups.Bayesian model, borrowing, and small numbers: The Bayesian hierarchical model improves precision by “sharing” information between subgroups when outcomes look similar, but this does not fully fix the problem of small sample sizes. In subgroups with low numbers, the model still has less power and more uncertainty, and the apparent stability of the estimates is heavily influenced by the borrowing framework rather than large, subgroup-specific datasets.COPD and ACPE – who actually got randomized: In both COPD and ACPE, enrollment decisions likely removed many of the sickest patients from randomization. COPD patients could be stabilized for up to six hours on BPAP before being randomized, and ACPE patients who clearly required immediate BPAP were excluded altogether. Because the trial never reported how many patients were treated or excluded in the ACPE group, we do not have a clear picture of how sick the randomized patients really were.Rescue BPAP in the HFNC arm: Rescue therapy adds another layer of ambiguity. Nearly a quarter of COPD patients in the HFNC arm required rescue BPAP, yet the study did not describe the BPAP pressure settings used, how many times rescue could be repeated, or whether these patients ultimately improved, failed, or required intubation. This is particularly important because the primary endpoint is intubation within seven days, and we do not know how much non-standardized BPAP rescue influenced that outcome in patients initially assigned to HFNC.Different weaning strategies between HFNC and BPAP: Weaning practices also differed meaningfully between HFNC and BPAP. HFNC patients could be considered “weaned” while still receiving flows that are well above physiologic baseline (25–30 L/min), whereas BPAP weaning was left largely to clinician judgment without tightly aligned criteria. This lack of standardized weaning makes it difficult to directly compare the two modalities in terms of duration of support and when a treatment should be considered to have “failed.”Value of multiple etiologic subgroups: Rather than asking a single global question of whether HFNC works for all causes of acute respiratory failure, the trial was designed with multiple etiologic subgroups. This allows us to compare HFNC and BPAP within distinct pathologies commonly seen in the ED and ICU. In practice, this design helps us look across each subgroup and think about which modality—HFNC or BPAP—may be most appropriate for a given underlying diagnosis.Immunocompromised subgroup had early futility and inadequate support: In immunocompromised patients, HFNC clearly underperformed BPAP on early outcomes. Intubation rates were higher with HFNC (50.0% vs 31.8%), and early deaths were also higher (17.9% vs 13.6%), leading this subgroup to cross a prespecified futility boundary and stopping further enrollment. By 28 and 90 days, mortality was similar between HFNC and BPAP in this cohort, suggesting that HFNC alone did not provide enough up-front respiratory support for this high-risk group rather than causing a lasting difference in long-term outcomes.Why COVID was separated from the original ARF subgroups: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians were making treatment decisions in real time without established guidelines or a solid understanding of disease trajectory. Many COVID patients behaved clinically like an immunocompromised or atypical ARF cohort. If COVID patients had been left inside the original ARF subgroups, they could have distorted those results and biased the trial toward an apparent signal of HFNC futility. By separating COVID into its own subgroup, the investigators preserved the integrity of the non-COVID etiologic groups while still including COVID patients in the overall study population. This approach allowed for cleaner estimates within each subgroup and more appropriate borrowing across groups without letting a large, atypical population dominate the model.Standardized BPAP delivery as a control: Using one BPAP delivery method for all patients created a built-in control on the BPAP side of the trial. The interface and mode were standardized, so the main difference between patients was their underlying disease and assignment to HFNC vs BPAP. This consistency across BPAP subgroups reduces “noise” in how BPAP was delivered and makes it easier to attribute differences in outcomes to the disease process and modality choice rather than variation in the BPAP setup itself.Single-country setting and external validity: Running the entire study in one country means clinicians share similar training, practice patterns, and system-level resources, which helps keep management more consistent across subgroups and centers. The trade-off is external validity: what is considered “standard” care in this health system may look very different in other countries, particularly in resource-limited settings, so these findings may not translate perfectly to other practice environments. Author's Conclusion “HFNC met criteria for noninferiority to NIV for the primary outcome in 4 of the 5 patient groups. Small sample sizes and sensitivity to the analysis model suggest further study is needed in COPD, immunocompromised patients, and ACPE.” Our Conclusion HFNC appears to perform comparably to BPAP in non-immunocompromised hypoxemic and COVID-positive patients. However, the data in COPD, ACPE, and immunocompromised patients are limited and statistically fragile—heavily influenced by small numbers and modeling assumptions—so BPAP  should remain the preferred modality when ventilatory support is clearly required and may offer more reliable benefit in these groups. Clinical Bottom Line HFNC is a great option for many patients with acute respiratory failure, but some patients clearly need BPAP up front. In patients with obvious BPAP-responsive physiology—such as COPD with acidosis, ACPE with increased work of breathing, or frank hypercapnia—or in those who are crashing at the door, BPAP remains the first-line choice. In more stable patients, especially those without a strong indication for BPAP, with limited hypercapnia, or where comfort and longer-term tolerance matter, HFNC is a reasonable first-line option for extra respiratory support while you closely watch their trajectory and stay ready to escalate. References RENOVATE Investigators and BRICNet Authors. High-flow nasal oxygen vs noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure: The RENOVATE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;333(10):875–890. PMID: 39657981 Tempo G, Grieco DL. Article review: The RENOVATE randomised clinical trial. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Article Review. 2025. Available hereRoca O, Messika J, Caralt B, et al. Predicting success of high-flow nasal cannula in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure: The utility of the ROX index. J Crit Care. 2016;35:200–205. PMID: 27481760Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, et al. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2):1602426. PMID: 28860265 Post Peer Reviewed By: Post Peer Reviewed By: Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO), Frank Lodeserto, MD and Anand Swaminathan, MD (X: @EMSwami) Guest Contributor Jonathan Bradshaw, DOEmergency Medicine Resident (PGY-3)Cape Fear Valley Medical CenterFayetteville, NC Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast 135.0: A Simple Approach to Hypoxemia (vs. Hypoxia) In this episode, we break down a practical bedside approach to hypoxemia. We ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL Crit Cast Episode 2.0: Overview of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) – Part 1 The use of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has become ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More REBEL Cast Episode 13: The AVOID Trial & The FLORALI Trial Welcome to the July 2015 REBELCast, where Swami, Matt, and I are going ... Cardiovascular Read More Showing Slide 1 of 4 The post REBEL CAST – RENOVATE Trial: HFNC vs BPAP in Acute Respiratory Failure appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – Rest Is Not Sleep: The Seven Dimensions of True Recovery 04.02.2026 20min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Rest isn’t a luxury; it’s a necessity and differs significantly from sleep in terms of mental and physical recovery needs. Uncovering the seven types of rest can highlight diverse needs: physical, mental, sensory, creative, emotional, social, and spiritual. Rest from high-stress environments such as the ED is crucial for reducing exhaustion, enhancing decision-making, and maintaining empathy. The necessity for intentional rest: tailor your rest strategies to meet personal recharge needs effectively. Rest should be deserved, not earned—it’s a vital component of overall health and wellness, on par with nutrition and hydration. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Previously Covered and Related Content: REBEL Core Cast: Sleep HygieneRebellion in EM: Care For Yourself – Sleep HygieneFirst10EM: Some Evidence For Working Night ShiftsREBEL MIND: Dunning Kruger Effect Introduction Welcome to this episode of REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. Today we are exploring the imperative topic of rest and why it’s not just about sleeping. The first of a two part series, hosted by Dr. Mark Ramzy with guests Dr. Maureen Aiad and Dr. Amil Badoolah, our discussion sheds light on the multifaceted nature of rest, especially in the demanding field of emergency medicine. If you’re a clinician striving to perform at your best under pressure, this episode offers valuable insights into achieving the rest you deserve. Cognitive Question How do healthcare professionals in high-stress environments distinguish between rest and sleep, and how can they effectively incorporate various types of rest into their routines to manage stress and improve performance? How is Rest Different From Sleep? Sleep is biological. It’s essential—but it’s only one form of recovery.Rest, on the other hand, is intentional, multifaceted, and active. You can sleep for 8 hours and still feel depleted—because what you needed wasn’t sleep, it was rest—in a different dimension. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? In the fast-paced, high-pressure world of the ED or ICU, medical professionals often overlook the importance of rest, perceiving it as unproductive. Yet, rest is crucial for maintaining cognitive function and emotional resilience. The unique concept of rest outlined in the ‘seven types of rest’ can be particularly beneficial. Understanding and implementing these can help practitioners handle the rigors of patient care and decision-making more effectively. 7⃣The Seven Types of Rest 1⃣Physical Rest: Passive (like sleep) and active (like stretching, massage, gentle movement).2⃣Mental Rest: Reducing decision fatigue. Tools like brain dumping, meditation, or taking real breaks during work.3⃣Sensory Rest: This involves reducing the input from your senses, such as limiting screen time, turning off the lights, or enjoying quiet time.4⃣Creative Rest: Reconnecting with awe. Nature, art, music—things that refill your inspiration tank5⃣Emotional Rest: Being around people you don’t have to perform for. Saying “I’m not okay.” spaces and people where you can be your authentic self and be at peace6⃣Social Rest: Taking space from draining interactions; spending time with life-giving people. 7⃣Spiritual Rest: Connection to a greater purpose—faith, community, reflection, meditation Immediate Action Steps for Your Next Shift **Identify Your Rest Needs**: Reflect on what kind of fatigue you’re experiencing and tailor rest activities accordingly, whether it’s sensory detox or emotional unwinding.**Practice Sensory Rest**: Take brief moments to close your eyes, or step outside for fresh air to manage overstimulation during shifts.**Plan Intentional Breaks**: Schedule specific times for rest that focus on particular dimensions you identify as lacking.**Engage in Active Rest**: Incorporate activities like stretching or meditation during your breaks to enhance mental clarity and reduce physical exhaustion.**Connect with Supportive Colleagues**: Seek interactions with peers who offer emotional and social support, promoting a healthy work-life balance. The Many Aspects of What Makes Up Rest Rest is multifaceted – it comes in more than one formRest is productive – it improves performance, decision-making, empathyRest is intentional – it requires thoughtful engagement, not autopilot. Make a real planRest is layered – especially sensory, which uses all 5 sensesRest is about input and detox – what you consume, and what you remove. Social rest is a good exampleRest is personal – one person’s recharge is another’s stressorRest is deserved, not earned – full stop. Conclusion Rest is a pivotal, multi-dimensional tool that extends beyond mere sleep. For healthcare professionals navigating the strenuous environment of an emergency setting, recognizing and implementing varied forms of rest can enhance overall well-being, decision-making, and patient care. Make rest a deliberate part of your routine, understand its different forms, and remember that it’s a necessity you deserve. Clinical Bottom Line Incorporating rest into your lifestyle aligns with the demands of your professional roles and personal health needs. By understanding and employing various types of rest, you not only support your individual wellness but also enhance your ability to care for patients effectively. Rest is vital; it is not a privilege earned but an essential right you deserve every day. Further Reading Dalton-Smith, S. Sacred Rest: Recover Your Life, Renew Your Energy, Restore Your Sanity. Hachette Nashville, 2017.Dalton-Smith, S.The 7 Types of Rest: Seven Ways to Live a More Energized Life. Hachette Book Group, 2022Abramson, A“Seven types of rest to help restore your body’s energy.” American Psychological Association, 6 May 2025, Link is Here Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Maureen Aiad, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York Amil Badoolah, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York Showing Slide 1 of 3 REBEL Core Cast 119.0 – Sleep Hygiene REBEL Core Cast 119.0 – Sleep Hygiene Click here for Direct Download of ... Read More Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL MIND – Rest Is Not Sleep: The Seven Dimensions of True Recovery appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast 149: Review of Corticosteroids in Community-Acquired Pneumonia 02.02.2026 14min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Hydrocortisone Saves Lives:The 2023 Cape Cod Trial (NEJM) showed a clear mortality benefit and reduced need for intubation in severe CAP patients treated with hydrocortisone. Guidelines Are Catching Up:The SCCM (2024) and ERS now recommend steroids for severe CAP, while ATS/IDSA updates are still pending. Redefining “Severe”:Patients requiring high FiO₂ (>50%), noninvasive or mechanical ventilation, or PSI >130 meet criteria for steroid therapy — even outside the ICU. Main Risk = Hyperglycemia:Elevated glucose was the most consistent adverse effect, but rates of GI bleed and secondary infection were not increased. Early, Targeted Use Matters:Start hydrocortisone within 24 hours of identifying severity — especially in patients with high CRP (>150) or strong inflammatory response. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Corticosteroids have long sparked debate in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia — once viewed with skepticism, now increasingly supported by high-quality evidence. In this episode, Dr. Alex Chapa joins the REBEL Core Cast team to explore how the 2023 Cape Cod Trial (NEJM) reshaped practice and guideline recommendations for severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Historical Context & Long-Standing Skepticism For decades, the use of steroids in pneumonia was controversial.Early Use: Steroids entered practice in the 1940s and 50s for autoimmune inflammation, but there was immediate hesitation regarding secondary superinfections.Mixed Data: From the 1980s to the 2000s, small studies emerged on severe pneumonia and ARDS, but the data was inconsistent. Different trials used varying definitions of “severe” pneumonia and different C-reactive protein (CRP) cutoffs, making the data “spread” and easy to “cherry pick” to support or deny a benefit.Past Guidelines: This uncertainty was reflected in official guidelines:2007 (ATS/IDSA): The American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America did not address the topic due to insufficient data.2019 (ATS/IDSA): Pre-COVID, the guidelines recommended against using corticosteroids in severe CAP. They acknowledged no benefit for non-severe pneumonia, but the data for severe pneumonia was considered too weak to endorse.Pre-Trial Consensus: Prior to 2023, the consensus was to avoid steroids in non-severe pneumonia, while severe pneumonia remained a “gray area” with no treatment showing a clear mortality difference. The Landmark Cape Cod Trial (NEJM 2023) The Cape Cod trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2023, reignited the discussion by providing robust, positive data.Trial Design: Phase 3, multi-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.Intervention: 800 patients randomized to two groups, Hydrocortisone as a continuous infusion (200mg/day) versus a placebo infusion.Taper: On day 4, clinicians would decide whether to continue the infusion or begin a taper based on clinical response.Population: Patients with severe CAP, defined by meeting at least one of the following criteria:Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) > 130.O2 by FiO2 ratio < 300.Need for mechanical or non-invasive ventilation (with PEEP ≥ 5).Need for high FiO2 (>50%) via non-rebreather or heated high flow.Primary Outcomes: Death for any cause 6.2% (hydrocortisone) vs 11.9% (placebo)Secondary outcomes:Death from any cause at 90 days 9.3% (hydrocortisone) vs 14.7% (placebo)Endotracheal intubation 18% (hydrocortisone) vs 29% (placebo)Hospital-acquired infections 9.8% (hydrocortisone) vs 11.1% (placebo)Gastrointestinal bleeding 2.3% (hydrocortisone) vs 3.3% (placebo)Vasopressor initiation by day 28 15.3% (hydrocortisone) vs 25.0% (placebo)Key Findings: The trial demonstrated superiority for hydrocortisone Updated Guidelines & Current Practice The Cape Cod trial, along with subsequent meta-analyses, has begun to change official recommendations.Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM): In 2024, an SCCM expert panel, reviewing the Cape Cod trial and 18 others, strongly recommended corticosteroids for severe CAP. They concluded that steroids reduce mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation.Meta-Analysis (Smit et al.): A 2024 meta-analysis in Lancet Respiratory confirmed the 30-day mortality benefit.European Respiratory Society (ERS): The ERS has issued a recommendation to use steroids for severe pneumonia but still urges caution regarding side effects.ATS/IDSA: As of the podcast recording, the ATS/IDSA had not yet updated their 2019 guidelines. Practical Application for Clinicians Defining “Severe” CAP: The key is to identify patients who qualify as “severe”. This can be done using:Scoring Tools: The PSI is the best validated tool for mortality but is cumbersome. Simpler tools like CURB-65 or SMART-COP are practical and acceptable for defining severity. 2023 meta-analysis from by Zaki et al showed both work well, but CURB-65 has better mortality prediction early on.Cape Cod Criteria: Any patient meeting the trial’s inclusion criteria (e.g., high-flow O2, non-invasive ventilation) qualifies, regardless of location (ED, floor, or ICU).Biomarkers: While not required, a CRP level was used in many studies. A CRP > 150 (Cape Cod) or > 204 (Smit meta-analysis) strongly indicates severe inflammation that would benefit from steroids.Clinical Judgment: A patient who looks “sick,” has “soft” blood pressure, or has dense infiltrates and high oxygen needs (e.g., >50% FiO2 on high flow) is a candidate.Adverse Effects:Hyperglycemia: This was the most significant risk identified, with rates between 6-12%. This is a primary concern, especially in patient populations with high BMI.GI Bleed & Secondary Infection: Fears of these side effects, which contributed to historical skepticism, were not borne out in the Cape Cod trial. The data does not support being overly concerned.Other Side Effects: Mood changes, delirium, insomnia, and agitation in the elderly are known side effects of steroids that were not specifically addressed in the trial but remain clinical concerns. Clinical Pathway for Steroids in Severe CAP Unanswered Questions & Future Research Possible remaining questions:Biomarkers: Can we find a more precise CRP level to distinguish moderate from severe disease? Could other markers like ferritin or IL-6 be used? Dosing & Tapering: How much immunomodulation is needed, and when is it truly safe to taper?Gender Differences: Early data suggests females may respond better to steroids and experience fewer side effects. The question of female patients with severe CAP require less corticosteroids needs further exploration. Clinical Bottom Line The current literature, spearheaded by the Cape Cod trial, now supports the use of corticosteroids in severe community-acquired pneumonia. The best evidence currently points to hydrocortisone, started early (within 24 hours) after severity is identified using a validated tool. While hyperglycemia is a risk, the previous fears of GI bleeding and secondary infections were not substantiated in recent, rigorous trials. References Chapa-Rodriguez A, Abou-Elmagd T, O’Rear C, Narechania S. Do patients with severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia benefit from systemic corticosteroids?. Cleve Clin J Med. 2025;92(10):600-604. PMID: 41033846Dequin PF, Meziani F, Quenot JP, et al. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(21):1931-1941. PMID: 36942789Chaudhuri D, Nei AM, Rochwerg B, et al. 2024 Focused Update: Guidelines on Use of Corticosteroids in Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(5):e219-e233. PMID: 38240492 Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Show Notes Alex Chapa, MD PGY 5 Pulmonary Critical Care Fellow Cape Fear Valley Medical Center Fayetteville NC Showing Slide 1 of 1 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast 149: Review of Corticosteroids in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Corticosteroids have long sparked debate in the treatment of bacterial ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL Core Cast 149: Review of Corticosteroids in Community-Acquired Pneumonia appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL CAST – IncrEMentuM26 Speaker Spotlight : Drs. Sara Crager and Ryan Ernst 29.01.2026 36min

  REBEL Rundown Introduction Welcome to this special edition of the REBEL Cast, where we unravel key highlights and educational insights from the IncrEMentuM Conference in Spain. This event is a cornerstone for advancing emergency medicine education, drawing esteemed speakers and participants from around the globe. As emergency medicine gains traction in Spain, this conference has become an essential platform for knowledge exchange and professional growth. Today, host Dr. Mark Ramzy shines a spotlight on two phenomenal educators: Drs. Sara Crager and Ryan Ernst who shared their expertise and experiences at this transformative gathering last spring. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. What's IncrEMentuM? A new conference and a pivotal gathering for emergency medicine professionals worldwide, has become an essential platform for education, collaboration, and advocacy, especially in light of emergency medicine’s recent recognition as a specialty in Spain. The conference is praised for its outstanding production quality, engaging speakers, and its capacity to foster a global community of emergency care professionals. What's an Essential Question? Essential questions are open-ended, thought-provoking, and intellectually engaging inquiries that inspire deeper exploration into topics. In the context of medical education, they challenge practitioners to think critically and reflect on their practice deeply. By focusing on essential questions, medical educators aim to inculcate a culture of continuous learning and curiosity, ensuring that medical professionals stay adaptable and insightful in their approach to patient care. Rapid Sequence (no not the intubating style...)  The Rapid Sequence game is an innovative tool that Sara and Ryan designed to enhance the learning experience for emergency medicine clinicians. It mimics real-life scenarios requiring rapid decision-making in high-pressure situations, such as those faced in emergency medical settings. This clinical case-based game aims to improve cognitive and procedural skills, allowing participants to hone their ability to respond effectively under pressure, thereby enhancing their real-world clinical performance.You can try it out for free on their website here!Their work was featured in the September 2025 edition of Annals of Emergency Medicine as a 2025 ACEP Abstract The Arboretum Teaching Collective An arboretum is a space that cultivates a wide variety of diverse, unique, and symbiotic growth. Arboretum provides a creative space to decrease barriers, open opportunities, and support the development of extraordinary teachers. The Arboretum Teaching Collective is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting emergency medicine education in countries where it is a new or evolving specialty.  Their aim to facilitate the development of expert teachers by reducing barriers, providing opportunities, and curating talent.  Their goal is to create a community of educators around the globe who share a vision of bringing excellent, innovative emergency medicine teaching to where it is most needed.  Their approach is driven by curiosity, humility, and sustainability.If you want to learn more and get involved, check out the Arboretum Teaching Collective Website Here See you in Spain! The upcoming conference aims to gather world-class educators once more and promises an enriching experience for all attendees. Drs. Sara Crager and Ryan Ernst, along with many others, will be there at the event. For more information on the IncrEMentuM Conference and to register, visit their website! See you there! Sara Crager, MD Associate Professor, Critical Care and Emergency Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA Ryan Ernst, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Section Chief of Global EM University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Rutgers Health / RWJBH, Newark, NJ Showing Slide 1 of 3 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL CAST – IncrEMentuM26 Speaker Spotlight : Drs. Sara Crager and Ryan Ernst Host Dr. Mark Ramzy shines a spotlight on two phenomenal ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL CAST – IncrEMentuM26 Speaker Spotlight : Drs. Tarlan Hedayati, Jess Mason and Simon Carley Host Dr. Mark Ramzy shines a spotlight on three distinguished ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL CAST – IncrEMentuM26 Speaker Spotlight : George Willis and Mark Ramzy REBEL Rundown Introduction In this exciting episode of REBEL ... Endocrine, Metabolic, Fluid, and Electrolytes Read More Incrementum Conference 2026: Revolutionizing Emergency Medicine in Spain In this special episode of Rebel Cast, we spotlight the ... Read More Showing Slide 1 of 5 The post REBEL CAST – IncrEMentuM26 Speaker Spotlight : Drs. Sara Crager and Ryan Ernst appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND: The Power of Performance Coaching in Medicine 28.01.2026 30min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Building Resilience: Rebel MIND, in partnership with Arena Labs, introduces a science-based performance coaching platform specifically tailored for healthcare professionals, focusing on stress management and burnout prevention. Personal Insights: Jackie Penn shares her journey from exercise science to digital coaching, highlighting the importance of tailored coaching in high-pressure environments like healthcare. Clinician-Centric Approach: Understanding unique challenges faced by ER doctors, the program provides practical tools for stress and transition management, improving both professional and personal life balance. Revolutionary Wearables: Utilizing wearables, the program offers objective feedback on recovery and health metrics, allowing personalization of strategies to enhance clinician well-being. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Welcome back to REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. In this episode, we’re excited to continue collaboration with Arena Labs, where host Dr. Marco Propersi interviews Jackie Pen, Heading of Performance Coaching at Arena Labs. Arena Labs is helping us measure healthcare performance through innovative programs designed to combat burnout and enhance personal wellness using data-driven strategies.  Previously Covered on REBEL MIND: Performance Under Pressure – What Medicine Can Learn from Elite Teams Cognitive Question How do specific performance coaching strategies and tools assist healthcare professionals, particularly those in emergency medicine, in managing stress and preventing burnout effectively? Why This is Important Burnout among healthcare workers is a growing concern, especially in such high-pressure environments as emergency and intensive care units. The collaboration with Arena Labs brings forth a vital focus on using data and coaching to build resilience among medical professionals. How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? In the chaotic and high-stakes environment of the ED/ICU, healthcare professionals are often required to make split-second decisions under pressure while managing emotional stress. This necessitates not just clinical acumen but also strong emotional resilience and stress management skills. Performance coaching provides the tools and frameworks to enhance these skills, offering strategies like the de-stress breath and transition protocols to help clinicians navigate between high-pressure situations efficiently. These tools are designed to not only improve their professional performance but also ensure they are emotionally present for their personal lives, ensuring a healthier work-life balance. Things You Can Do on Your Next Shift Practice the De-stress Breath: Before moving from one critical case to another, take a moment to take two inhales through the nose followed by an extended exhale, helping to reset your nervous system by activating your parasympathetic nervous system.Implement a Transition Protocol: Choose a point in your journey home to mentally switch from clinician to family member, helping you to be more present outside of work.Optimize Your Nutrition and Rest: Even small changes during your shift, like meals that promote easy digestion or quick physical activities, can make a significant difference in your energy levels.Engage with Wearables: If possible, use wearables to monitor your physiological responses, helping tailor personalized strategies for your shifts Where to Learn More Intrigued by the possibilities this partnership offers? You can explore more by visiting Arena Labs’ website here. Also, check out the comprehensive coaching program available, designed specifically for healthcare providers looking to enhance their well-being and performance. Clinical Bottom Line In an era where burnout is pervasive, our collaboration with Arena Labs offers a beacon of hope for healthcare workers. By leveraging cutting-edge data insights and practical coaching, this partnership aims to redefine healthcare wellness, fostering a sustainable, resilient workforce that’s equipped to navigate the pressures of modern medicine. Join us in this journey towards enhanced well-being and workforce empowerment, ensuring that those who care for us are also cared for. Meet the Authors Marco Propersi Co-Editor-in-Chief Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY Jackie Pen Head of Performance Coaching Arena Labs Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL MIND: The Power of Performance Coaching in Medicine appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND: Performance Under Pressure – What Medicine Can Learn from Elite Teams 21.01.2026 39min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Partnership Focus: New collaboration with Arena Labs aimed at enhancing healthcare worker wellness.Personalized Coaching: Tools and coaching programs designed for stress management and performance improvement.Data-Driven Insights: Utilizing wearable sensor data to tackle burnout effectively.Broad Impact: Offers a unique opportunity to contribute to large-scale healthcare improvements. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Welcome back to REBEL MIND, where MIND stands for Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. Here we sharpen the person behind the practitioner by focusing on things that improve our performance, optimizing team dynamics and the human behavior that embodies the hidden curriculum of medicine. In this episode, hosted by Drs. Mark Ramzy and Marco Propersi, we’re excited to introduce a collaboration with Arena Labs. Arena Labs is helping us measure healthcare performance through innovative programs designed to combat burnout and enhance personal wellness using data-driven strategies.  Cognitive Question What would it look like in emergency medicine and critical care to be set up with the same tools as elite teams and professional athletes when it comes to measuring performance and recovery? How would our patients benefit? Why This is Important Burnout among healthcare workers is a growing concern, especially in such high-pressure environments as emergency and intensive care units. The collaboration with Arena Labs brings forth a vital focus on using data and coaching to build resilience among medical professionals. Be Brilliant at the Basics Ask yourself — “What is it on your time off that gives you a deep sense of fulfillment?”On your time off are you doing things that fill your bucket and add to your recovery? What is Allostasis and Allostatic Load Allostasis: Our body’s ability to adapt over time to stress. It’s relevant to the phase you are in during this particular season in your life. Ex. You are a first year medical student freaking out about your very first exam. Over time as you do more exams, they are still stressful, but by now you have developed modified study habits to succeed and get used to the frequent examsIn the context of emergency medicine, you may be nervous or stressed about your first shift at a new hospital but overtime you learn the staff, the location of equipment, the acuity of that particular site, the patient population so over time you get used to the stress of a shift at that new hospitalAllostatic Load: The wear and tear on the body from chronic stress due to maladaptation or poor recovery methods.This refers to the cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events. It involves the interaction of different physiological systems at varying degrees of activity.Ex. You are an emergency medicine physician at a very busy, high acuity center and have never prioritized taking care of yourself on/during a shift. As a result, external factors add to not being able to fully recover when you get home or are off shift (ie. Admin work, teaching obligations, family/friends) and so you never fully recover before you have to go back on shift to the same stressors you just exposed yourself to. So the cycle continuesFigure 1: Long term effects of Chronic Stress (Source: Andrew Hogue from NeuroFit) How This Applies to the Emergency Department or ICU? Healthcare workers in emergency departments (ED) and intensive care units (ICU) are often under enormous stress due to the nature of their work. Arena Labs’ program offers tailored solutions, helping ED and ICU staff manage their unique challenges through effective recovery techniques and performance tools. This approach caters specifically to the demanding schedules and the unpredictability inherent in these environments. Where to Learn More Intrigued by the possibilities this partnership offers? You can explore more by visiting Arena Labs’ website here. Also, check out the comprehensive coaching program available, designed specifically for healthcare providers looking to enhance their well-being and performance. Clinical Bottom Line In an era where burnout is pervasive, our collaboration with Arena Labs offers a beacon of hope for healthcare workers. By leveraging cutting-edge data insights and practical coaching, this partnership aims to redefine healthcare wellness, fostering a sustainable, resilient workforce that’s equipped to navigate the pressures of modern medicine. Join us in this journey towards enhanced well-being and workforce empowerment, ensuring that those who care for us are also cared for. References Guidi J, et al.Allostatic Load and Its Impact on Health: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom. 2021; Epub 2020 Aug 14. PMID: 32799204Frueh BC, et al.“Operator syndrome”: A unique constellation of medical and behavioral health-care needs of military special operation forces. Int J Psychiatry Med. Epub 2020 Feb 13. PMID: 32052666 Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Marco Propersi Co-Editor-in-Chief Chair of Emergency Medicine at Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY Brain Ferguson Founder and CEO Arena Labs Showing Slide 1 of 3 The post REBEL MIND: Performance Under Pressure – What Medicine Can Learn from Elite Teams appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast 148.0–Demystifying Non-Invasive Ventilation & HiFlow 12.01.2026 23min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points NIV = Support without a tube: CPAP, BiPAP, and HFNC improve oxygenation and reduce the work of breathing. CPAP = Continuous pressure: Best for hypoxemic patients (e.g., pulmonary edema, OSA). BiPAP = Two pressures (IPAP/EPAP): Great for hypercapnic failure (e.g., COPD, obesity hypoventilation). HFNC = Heated, humidified high flow: Reduces effort, improves comfort, and enhances oxygen delivery. Supportive, not definitive: NIV stabilizes patients while the underlying cause is treated. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) refers to respiratory support provided without endotracheal intubation. The most common modalities include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). These therapies aim to improve oxygenation, reduce the work of breathing, and potentially prevent invasive mechanical ventilation. CPAP and BiPAP CPAP delivers a single, continuous pressure during inspiration and expiration. This pressure (commonly 5–10 cm H₂O) helps recruit atelectatic alveoli, reduce shunt, and improve oxygenation. It is commonly used for conditions like pulmonary edema, obstructive sleep apnea, or mild hypoxemia without significant ventilatory failure.BiPAP alternates between two pressures:Inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP), augments tidal volume and unloads inspiratory muscles.Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP), maintains alveolar recruitment and improves oxygenation.The differential between IPAP and EPAP is critical for reducing hypercapnia in patients with COPD exacerbations or acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.IndicationsCPAP: hypoxemia without major ventilatory failure (e.g., cardiogenic pulmonary edema, atelectasis, OSA).BiPAP: hypercapnia with increased work of breathing (e.g., COPD exacerbation, neuromuscular weakness, obesity hypoventilation).A helpful way to conceptualize CPAP and BiPAP is through the hairdryer analogy. Imagine placing a hairdryer in your mouth: Clinical Considerations Masks can be uncomfortable, impair secretion clearance, and limit oral intake.Some patients require sedation to tolerate NIV, but this carries risks in patients with unprotected airways.NIV is thus a high-stakes intervention requiring close monitoring.Common starting dose to understand titration, but start at the level appropriate for your patient:  IPAP 10 cm H₂O / EPAP 5 cm H₂O (“10/5”) and are titrated:Increase IPAP to improve tidal volume and CO₂ clearance.Increase EPAP to recruit alveoli and improve oxygenation.Both may be raised simultaneously if the patient is both hypoxemic and hypercapnic. High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) H: Heated & humidified – improves mucociliary clearance, prevents airway drying, and enhances tolerance. I: Inspiratory flow – high flow meets or exceeds patient demand, reducing respiratory rate and effort.F: Functional residual capacity – modest generation of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), promoting alveolar recruitment.L: Lighter – generally more comfortable and less restrictive than mask-based NIV.O: Oxygen dilution – minimizes entrainment of room air, delivering higher and more predictable FiO₂.W: Washout – flushes anatomical dead space, reducing CO₂ rebreathing.HFNC delivers heated, humidified oxygen at high flow rates (30–60 L/min) through wide-bore nasal prongs. A mnemonic, H-I-F-L-O-W, helps summarize its mechanisms:Indications: Traditionally used for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (e.g., pneumonia), HFNC is increasingly studied for hypercapnic failure as well, with trials suggesting non-inferiority to BiPAP in select populations. Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Show Notes Syed Moosi Raza, MD PGY 3 Internal Medicine Resident Cape Fear Valley Internal Medicine Residency Program Fayetteville NC Aspiring Pulmonary Critical Care Fellow Showing Slide 1 of 1 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast 1.0 – The Intro REBEL EM-ers: Salim, Jenny and I would like to announce ... Read More Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL Core Cast 148.0–Demystifying Non-Invasive Ventilation & HiFlow appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• The RSI Trial: Ketamine vs Etomidate in Rapid Sequence Intubation 08.01.2026

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Mortality: No statistically significant difference in 28-day mortality between ketamine vs etomidate for intubation in critically ill patients, though there was a ~1% absolute difference favoring ketamine. Hemodynamics: Ketamine induction was associated with more cardiovascular collapse, mainly driven by new/increased vasopressor use (dose escalation or addition of a vasoactive agent). Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Etomidate or ketamine? The debate over the ideal agent for emergency rapid sequence intubation (RSI) has raged for years with no clear winner. Etomidate has been touted in the past for its rapid onset and minimal intrinsic effects on hemodynamics. However, the drug is well known as a transient adrenal suppressant though the impact of this suppression isn’t clear. Ketamine has risen in recent years as an alternative, due to its perceived hemodynamic stability, analgesic properties and absence of adrenal suppression. Additionally, recent data points towards improved mortality when ketamine was selected over etomidate (Kotani 2023). High quality randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate which agent should be selected in critically ill patients. Paper Casey JD et al. Ketamine or etomidate for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults. NEJM 2025. PMID: 41369227 Previously Covered On REBEL REBEL EM: The EvK Trial: Ketamine vs Etomidate for Rapid Sequence IntubationREBEL EM: From Debate to Data: Emerging Insights into RSI Induction with Ketamine vs Etomidate What They Did CLINICAL QUESTION In critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation, does the use of ketamine instead of etomidate result in improved 28 day mortality? STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, open-label trial in both emergency departments and ICUs. POPULATION Inclusion Criteria:Critically ill patients > 18 years of age undergoing tracheal intubation with the use of an induction agentExclusion Criteria:Known pregnancyPrisonersPrimary diagnosis of traumaNeed for immediate intubation precluding randomizationClinicians determined that the use of ketamine or etomidate was either necessary or contraindicated INTERVENTION & COMPARATOR Ketamine Arm:Ketamine administered based on a provided nomogram: full dose (2.0 mg/kg), intermediate dose (1.5 mg/kg) or reduced dose (1.0 mg/kg)Etomidate Arm:Etomidate administered based on a provided nomogram: full dose (0.3 mg/kg), intermediate dose (0.25 mg/kg) or reduced dose (0.2 mg/kg) OUTCOMES Primary: In-hospital death from any cause by day 28.Secondary:Cardiovascular collapse during intubation defined as SBP < 65 mm Hg, receipt of new or increased dose of vasopressors or cardiac arrest.Exploratory Procedural:Lowest systolic blood pressureLowest systolic blood pressure below 80 mmHgHighest systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHgLowest oxygen saturationLowest oxygen saturation below 80%Successful first attempt intubationTime from induction to intubationExploratory Clinical:Number of ventilator free daysVasopressor-free daysICU free days Safety: Systolic blood pressure at 24 hours after enrollmentOngoing receipt of vasopressors at 24 hours Results: 2365 patients were randomizedKetamine: 1176Etomidate: 1189> 99% of patients received the drug they were randomized to receiveNMBA: 69% of patients in both groups received rocuronium~ 95% of patients had video laryngoscopy for the primary intubation attempt Critical Results Strengths Multicenter ED + ICU cohort of critically ill patients → improves external validityStrong randomization → balanced baseline characteristicsRight population for the question → appropriately focused on a sick cohort where induction choice matters mostHigh protocol adherence → most patients received the agent they were randomized toExcellent follow-up → minimal loss to follow-up / outcome capture Limitations No blinding → potential performance/resuscitation biasTrauma excluded → limits applicability to peri-intubation trauma careCase-mix skewed toward septic shock → may reduce generalizability to other shock etiologiesPower assumptions → designed to detect a 5% mortality difference (possibly overly ambitious)Equipoise-only enrollment → excluded patients with clear indication/contraindication → selection bias + reduced real-world applicabilityComposite secondary outcome with non-equivalent endpoints (e.g., cardiac arrest vs vasopressor titration)Ketamine dosing by actual body weight (vs ideal) → may have increased dose/exposure in some patients Discussion The increase in cardiovascular collapse seen with ketamine was driven by the “new or increased vasopressor use” piece of the composite outcome not by the more clinically relevant severe hypotension (SBP < 65 mm Hg) or cardiac arrest.The increase in CV collapse is a secondary outcome and hypothesis generating onlyCare beyond induction agent isn’t clearly delineated and may have varied between groupsReasons why there was more CV collapse in the ketamine group:Patients in the etomidate group were more likely to be on pressors or have pressor increases prior to induction agent administrationKetamine has analgesic properties which may affect hemodynamics (etomidate does not have analgesic effects)The standard ketamine dose of 2 mg/kg is higher than the induction dose used by most (1-1.5 mg/kg)Ketamine dosing was based on actual body weight though ideal body weight dosing is more accepted. This may have resulted in unnecessarily large ketamine doses that may have had a greater effect on hemodynamics.This is a study of patients with clinical equipoisePatients who the clinician determined would clearly benefit from one agent or the other or in whom one agent or the other was contraindicated were excluded from the study.This may add a selection bias to the results.Clinicians were not blinded to the induction agent administeredThe absence of blinding can introduce bias.For instance, knowledge of the agent the patient was randomized to may result in different resuscitative treatment prior to intubation.An induction agent nomorgram was provided to allow clinicians to choose their induction dose depending on patient stability.A 5% difference in mortality may be overly ambitious. As Josh Farkas points out in his post on this article, PCI for STEMI only has a 3% absolute difference in mortality versus standard care.The 1% absolute difference in mortality while not statistically significant would be clinically significant if it was real. The study would have to be much larger to show a statistically significant 1% difference.About 2% of patients in each group received additional medications during induction (propofol, benzodiazepines, opiates). It is unclear why these agents were selected in specific cases and how they may have affected the outcomes in question. Author's Conclusion “Among critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation, the use of ketamine to induce anesthesia did not result in a significantly lower incidence of in-hospital death by day 28 than etomidate.“ Our Conclusion In this well done RCT, induction with ketamine did not result in a lower 28-day mortality when compared to induction with etomidate in critically ill adults. The secondary outcome of an increase in cardiovascular collapse is interesting and should be studied more in the future. Clinical Bottom Line This data should not drive clinicians to abandon the use of ketamine in RSI. To the contrary, the study leaves open the possibility of a clinically meaningful difference in mortality favoring ketamine that may be borne out in a larger study. However, etomidate can be considered as a first-line option for RSI and may be the superior drug in patients at high-risk for cardiovascular decompensation. Post Peer Reviewed By: Post Peer Reviewed By: Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) and Marco Propersi, DO References Kotani Y et al. Etomidate as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized trials J Crit Care 2023;77:154317. PMID: 37127020 Associate Author Anand Swaminathan MD, MPH All Things REBEL EM Meet The Team Your Deep-Dive Starts Here The RSI Trial: Ketamine vs Etomidate in Rapid Sequence Intubation Etomidate or ketamine? The debate over the ideal agent for emergency rapid sequence ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL Cast Ep120: Etomidate vs Ketamine for RSI in the ED? Background: Standard rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in the emergency department involves administration of ... Procedures and Skills Read More Showing Slide 1 of 3 The post The RSI Trial: Ketamine vs Etomidate in Rapid Sequence Intubation appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL MIND – The Dunning Kruger Effect: Why Looking Inward Improves Patient Care 07.01.2026 27min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points We don’t know what we don’t know: Low experience can inflate confidence; true expertise usually brings humble certainty. ED relevance is universal: From central lines to transvenous pacing, over- or under-confidence shows up at every level—intern to seasoned attending. Metacognition matters: Accurate self-assessment is a clinical skill; reflection + feedback loops keep us calibrated. Practice beats bravado: Skill decay is real; deliberate practice and HALO (high-acuity, low-occurrence) refreshers protect patients. Psychological safety ≠ niceties: “Confident humility” enables questions, feedback, and better resuscitation decisions—especially under uncertainty. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Welcome to REBEL MIND—Mastering Internal Negativity during Difficulty. In this series, we turn the same critical lens REBEL EM uses for literature inward—into mindset, leadership, and psychological safety—so we can deliver better care outward to patients and teams.In this episode and blog post, hosts Mark Ramzy and Kim Bambach (Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University) explore a deceptively simple question: How accurately can we assess our own performance? The answer hinges on a classic cognitive bias that touches all of us in emergency medicine. Paper Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Dec;7 PMID: 10626367 Cognitive Question How accurately can we assess our own performance? What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect? The Dunning–Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias where:Lower-skill individuals tend to overestimate their competence, andHigher-skill individuals often underestimate theirs.Translation for the busy clinician: early on the learning curve, confidence spikes (“Mount Stupid”) because we don’t yet see the complexity. As experience accrues, confidence dips (“Valley of Despair”) with growing awareness, then rises again—grounded in nuance and humility.Key insight: True expertise ≠ louder certainty; it’s often quieter, more curious, and more collaborative. How It Applies to the Emergency Department Procedures (e.g., central lines, TVP): Watching a 5-minute video creates “I got this” energy—until the wire won’t pass, the patient thrashes, or you hit carotid. Competence includes troubleshooting in context.Skill Decay is Inevitable: If you haven’t done a chest tube or a TVP in months, you’re not as sharp as last time. Without deliberate refreshers, you drift below the safe-performance line.Everyone’s a Novice Somewhere: New disease entities, evolving algorithms, new tools (POCUS, decision support) mean even attendings routinely re-enter novice zones.Feedback Blind Spots: Lower performers can both overestimate their skills and resist feedback—while many high performers (particularly women, per discussed literature) undervalue their abilities.Culture is Clinical: The ED demands decisive action amid uncertainty. Psychological safety + confident humility lets teams surface alternative diagnoses, challenge momentum, and correct course fast. Immediate Action Steps for Your Next Shift Run a 60-second debrief on two casesWhat went well? What would I do differently next time? Write one improvement you’ll test today.Play “What if the opposite were true?”Anchored on “lumbosacral strain”, Ask, What if fever/incontinence appears? How does that change my path?Solicit 360° micro-feedbackAsk a nurse, resident, and peer: “One thing I did well; one thing to improve.” Say “thank you,” not “but.”Schedule a HALO refresher this weekPick one high-acuity, low-occurrence procedure (TVP, cric, thoracotomy). Do a 10-minute mental model + equipment walk-through; book sim time if available.Adopt a pre-procedure pauseIf X goes wrong, I’ll do Y. Name two likely failure modes (e.g., “wire won’t advance,” “delirium/agitation”) and your first corrective step.Language shift on shiftSwap “I’m sure” → “I’m reasonably confident, here’s my plan B.” Invite input: “What am I missing?” Conclusion The Dunning–Kruger Effect isn’t a moral failing; it’s a predictable human pattern that every clinician rides—often multiple times per day in the ED. The antidote is metacognition: routine reflection, explicit debiasing, deliberate practice, and feedback within a psychologically safe culture. Clinical Bottom Line Competence is quiet and curious. The more we know, the more we recognize what we don’t—and the better we become at caring for patients and each other. Further Reading Dunning D, Kruger J. Unskilled and Unaware of It (1999). Classic paper introducing the effect.Croskerry P. Cognitive forcing strategies in clinical decision-making.Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Heuristics & biases in high-stakes decisions.Ericsson KA. Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. Deliberate practice & skill acquisition.Edmondson AC. The Fearless Organization. Psychological safety and learning culture in teams. Meet the Authors Mark Ramzy, DO Co-Editor-in-Chief Cardiothoracic Intensivist and EM Attending RWJBH / Rutgers Health, Newark, NJ Kim Bambach, MD Podcasting Manager Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Ohio State University Showing Slide 1 of 2 The post REBEL MIND – The Dunning Kruger Effect: Why Looking Inward Improves Patient Care appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast 147.0–Ventilators Part 5: Key Mechanical Ventilator Pressures & Definitions Made Simple 22.12.2025 14min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Peak vs. Plateau Pressures: PIP reflects total airway resistance and compliance, while Pplat isolates alveolar compliance—elevations in both suggest decreased lung compliance (e.g., ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax). PEEP Protects Alveoli: Maintains alveolar recruitment and prevents collapse; typical range 5–8 cmH₂O, but higher levels may benefit moderate–severe ARDS. Driving Pressure (ΔP = Pplat − PEEP): Lower ΔP reduces atelectrauma and improves outcomes; optimize by adjusting PEEP thoughtfully. Prevent VILI: Keep Pplat < 30 cmH₂O, use low tidal volumes (6 mL/kg IBW), and monitor for barotrauma, volutrauma, atelectrauma, and biotrauma. Evidence-Based Practice: ARDSNet and subsequent trials confirm that lung-protective ventilation—low Vt, limited pressures, and individualized PEEP—improves survival in ARDS. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction This episode reviews essential ventilator pressures and how to interpret them during ICU rounds. Under Pressure Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP)Definition: Total pressure required to deliver a breath.Reflects: Airway resistance + lung/chest wall compliance.Common Causes of ↑ PIP:Mucus pluggingBiting the endotracheal tubeKinked tubing or bronchospasmPlateau Pressure (Pplat)Definition: Alveolar pressure measured after an inspiratory hold.Reflects: Lung compliance (stiffness of lung tissue).When Both PIP & Pplat Are Elevated:→ Indicates poor compliance (e.g., ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax).Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)Definition: Pressure remaining in airways at end-expiration to prevent alveolar collapse.Typical Range: 5–8 cmH₂O but needs to titrated to meet patient requirements Notes:Provides physiologic “glottic” PEEP in intubated patients.Using high PEEP strategy shows mortality benefit only in moderate–severe ARDS in meta-analysis.Driving Pressure (ΔP)Definition: ΔP = Pplat − PEEP.Reflects: Pressure needed to keep alveoli open during the respiratory cycle.Goal: Lower ΔP → less atelectrauma & improved outcomes.Optimize: Increase PEEP to reduce ΔP and alveolar cycling. Interpreting High PIP/High Pplat ↑ PIP & ↑ PplatInterpretation: ↓ ComplianceCommon Causes: ARDS, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, pneumothorax↑ PIP & Normal/Low PplatInterpretation: ↑ Airway ResistanceCommon Causes: Mucus plug, bronchospasm, tube obstruction or biting Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury (VILI) Barotrauma:Mechanism: Excessive airway pressure damages alveoli.Prevention: Keep Pplat < 30 cmH₂O.Volutrauma:Mechanism: Overdistension from excessive tidal volumes.Prevention: Use low tidal volume ventilation (6 mL/kg ideal body weight).ARDSNet trial: 6 mL/kg → lower mortality compared to 12 mL/kg.Ideal Body Weight: Based on height and sex, not actual weight.Typical patient: Tidal Volume: 6–8 mL/kg IBWARDS: Tidal Volume: 4–6 mL/kg IBWAtelectrauma:Mechanism: Repeated opening/collapse of unstable alveoli.Prevention: Optimize PEEP to keep alveoli open and reduce driving pressure.Biotrauma:Mechanism: Inflammatory cascade (↑ IL-6, TNF-α) from mechanical injury.Effect: Can trigger systemic inflammation & multiorgan dysfunction.Prevention: Minimize all other forms of VILI. Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Show Notes Joel Rios Rodriguez, MD PGY 3 Internal Medicine Resident Cape Fear Valley Internal Medicine Residency Program Fayetteville NC Aspiring Pulmonary Critical Care Fellow Showing Slide 1 of 1 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here It seems we can't find what you're looking for. The post REBEL Core Cast 147.0–Ventilators Part 5: Key Mechanical Ventilator Pressures & Definitions Made Simple appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast 146.0–Ventilators Part 4: Setting up the Ventilator 08.12.2025 19min

  REBEL Rundown Key Points Don’t chase perfect numbers: Adequate and safe is often better than “perfect but harmful.” Oxygenation levers: Start with FiO₂ and PEEP, but remember MAP is the true driver. Ventilation levers: Adjust RR and TV, tailored to underlying physiology. Watch your obstructive patients: Sometimes less RR is more. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Introduction Ventilator management can feel overwhelming—there are so many knobs to turn, numbers to watch, and changes to make. But before adjusting any settings, it’s crucial to understand why the patient is in distress in the first place, because the right strategy depends on the underlying cause. In this episode, we’ll walk through three different cases to see how the approach changes depending on the problem at hand. The 4 Main Ventilator Settings  Tidal Volume (Vt) Amount of air delivered with each breath Typically set based on ideal body weight (6–8 mL/kg for lung protection) Respiratory Rate (RR) Number of breaths delivered per minute Adjusted to control minute ventilation and manage CO₂  FiO₂ (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen) Percentage of oxygen delivered Adjusted to maintain adequate oxygenation (goal SpO₂ 92–96%, PaO₂ 55–80 mmHg). PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) Pressure maintained in the lungs at the end of exhalation to prevent alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation Modes of Ventilation AC/VC (Assist Control – Volume Control)How it Works: Delivers a set tidal volume with each breath (whether patient- or machine-triggered).When It’s Used / Pros: Most common initial mode; guarantees minute ventilation; good for patients with variable effort.Limitations / Cons: May cause patient–ventilator dyssynchrony if set volumes don’t match patient’s demand.AC/PC (Assist Control – Pressure Control)How it Works: Delivers a set inspiratory pressure for each breath; tidal volume varies depending on lung compliance/resistance.When It’s Used / Pros: Useful in ARDS (lung-protective strategy), limits peak airway pressures.Limitations / Cons: Tidal volume not guaranteed; must closely monitor volumes and minute ventilation.PRVC (Pressure-Regulated Volume Control)How it Works: Hybrid: set target tidal volume, ventilator adjusts inspiratory pressure breath-to-breath to achieve it (within limits).When It’s Used / Pros: Common default mode on newer vents; combines benefits of VC (guaranteed volume) + PC (pressure limitation).Limitations / Cons: Can increase pressures if compliance worsens.SIMV (Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation)How it Works: Delivers set breaths, but allows spontaneous patient breaths in between (without guaranteed volume).When It’s Used / Pros: Used for weaning; allows patient effort.Limitations / Cons: Risk of increased work of breathing if spontaneous breaths are inadequate.PSV (Pressure Support Ventilation)How it Works: Every breath is patient-initiated; ventilator provides preset pressure support to overcome airway resistance.When It’s Used / Pros: Weaning trials; patients with intact drive who just need assistance.Limitations / Cons: Not a full-support mode; not for unstable patients without spontaneous drive. Ventilation Strategies Airway ProtectionLow GCS, seizure, strokeLoss of gag/cough reflexHigh aspiration risk (vomiting, GI bleed, poor mental status)Hypoxemic Respiratory FailureSevere pneumoniaARDSPulmonary edemaInhalation injuryVentilatory (Hypercapnic) Failure / Increased Ventilation DemandSevere metabolic acidosis (DKA, sepsis, renal failure) → need high minute ventilationCOPD, asthma (if decompensating)Neuromuscular weakness (myasthenia, Guillain–Barré, spinal cord injury)Airway Obstruction / Anticipated Loss of AirwayTumor, anaphylaxis, angioedemaFacial or airway traumaPre-op / anticipated deterioration Post Peer Reviewed By: Marco Propersi, DO (Twitter/X: @Marco_propersi), and Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO) Show Notes Priyanka Ramesh, MD PGY 1 Internal Medicine Resident Cape Fear Valley Internal Medicine Residency Program Fayetteville NC Aspiring Pulmonary Critical Care Fellow Showing Slide 1 of 1 Your Deep-Dive Starts Here It seems we can't find what you're looking for. The post REBEL Core Cast 146.0–Ventilators Part 4: Setting up the Ventilator appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.
• REBEL Core Cast – Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies: Beyond Viral Season 04.12.2025

  REBEL Rundown Introduction Welcome to the Rebel Core Content Blog, where we delve into crucial knowledge for emergency medicine. Today, we share insightful tips from PEM specialist Dr. Elise Perelman, shedding light on respiratory challenges in infants, toddlers, and young children during the viral season. Understanding that most cases involve typical viruses, we aim to equip you with diagnostic pearls to identify more serious pathologies. Click here for Direct Download of the Podcast. Recognizing Respiratory Patterns Pearl #1: Look at Your PatientBegin exams from the doorway. Observing patterns such as accessory muscle usage can reveal a patient’s respiratory effort. Specify whether the work of breathing occurs during inspiration, expiration, or both. Inspiratory work indicates difficulty getting air in, while expiratory work suggests trouble pushing air out. Silent tachypnea may point to other issues, like acidemia or pneumothorax. Localizing Sounds for Accurate Diagnosis Pearl #2: Localize the SoundBreathing noises signal varied respiratory issues. Stridor, often heard on inspiration, results from obstructions above the thoracic inlet. Conversely, wheezing, generally linked to exhalation, indicates obstructions in the lower airways. Watch for signs like ‘silent chest’—a dangerous, severe obstruction, and distinguish grunting as a bodily mechanism to prevent alveolar collapse. Correctly identifying the sound assists in determining the appropriate intervention. Tailoring Treatment for Effective Results Once a sound is localized, treatments vary. We explore Soder from nasal congestion, typically needing supportive care and suctioning. Stridor from conditions like croup is eased with interventions to reduce airway swelling, such as steroids or inhaled epinephrine. Conversely, wheezing in infants is often due to bronchiolitis—not bronchospasms—and over-treatment is to be avoided. Supportive measures including suction, hydration, and oxygen are preferred unless improvement warrants bronchodilators. Intervening with Severe Asthma In severe cases of asthma or bronchiolitis, where standard at-home treatments fail, immediate adjunct therapies like intramuscular epinephrine become essential. Administering this quickly can alleviate obstruction when inhalants aren’t effective due to low air movement. Navigating the Zebras of Respiratory Cases When recognizing Zebras—uncommon cases overshadowed by routine diagnoses—remain vigilant for histories or presentations that don’t conform. Conditions like pneumonia, bacterial tracheitis, and even myocarditis may mimic more common issues. Conclusion As attending physicians, our role extends beyond conventional treatment—it’s about discerning the atypical from the typical. Dr. Perelman urges continual reassessment, emphasizing reliance on observational skills as much as technological aid. Keeping keen on respiratory nuances ensures we catch those outlier cases, paving the way for adept medical care despite the overwhelming prevalence of viral infections.Stay tuned for more pearls and insights in our future posts, as Dr. Perelman shares further strategies for effective pediatric emergency care. For more resources, continue exploring our faculty’s valuable contributions on our site. Until then, stay safe and perceptive in your practice. Post Peer Reviewed By: Mark Ramzy, DO (X: @MRamzyDO), and Marco Propersi, DO (X: @Marco_Propersi) Guest Elise Perlman MD Pediatric Emergency Medicine​ Assistant Professor, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Meet The Team Your Deep-Dive Starts Here REBEL Core Cast—Nitrous Oxide Toxicity: Whippets and Neurologic Injury Nitrous oxide, commonly known as “whippets,” is often perceived as ... Toxicology Read More REBEL CAST – RENOVATE Trial: HFNC vs BPAP in Acute Respiratory Failure The RENOVATE trial set out to answer a high-impact question ... Resuscitation Read More REBEL MIND – Rest Is Not Sleep: The Seven Dimensions of True Recovery Today we are exploring the imperative topic of rest and ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND: The Power of Performance Coaching in Medicine In this episode, we're excited to continue collaboration with Arena ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL MIND: Performance Under Pressure – What Medicine Can Learn from Elite Teams Welcome back to Rebel MIND, the podcast where we sharpen ... Human Behavior Read More REBEL Core Cast 148.0–Demystifying Non-Invasive Ventilation & HiFlow Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) refers to respiratory support provided without endotracheal ... Thoracic and Respiratory Read More Showing Slide 1 of 7 The post REBEL Core Cast – Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies: Beyond Viral Season appeared first on REBEL EM - Emergency Medicine Blog.