ESPGHAN Podcast

Epizódy

• JPGN Journal Club June 2026: AI in Medicine – From Disease Trajectories to HCC Risk Prediction 14.07.2026 24min

  ESPGHAN Journal Club, ESPGHAN Podcast, AI in medicine, artificial intelligence, machine learning, generative transformers, GPT models, healthcare data science, epidemiology, population health, disease modelling, biomarker discovery, hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC risk prediction, routine clinical data, cancer prediction, big data in medicine, digital health, Prof Carolin Schneider, Dr Jake Mann, RWTH Aachen University, University of Birmingham, multicentric study, Nature, Cancer Discovery, clinical prediction models, paediatric gastroenterology, medical statistics, natural history of disease, healthcare innovation
• Grammatikopoulos T.: Portal Hypertension – What Does Baveno Mean for Children? 09.07.2026 19min

  Welcome back, ESPGHAN podcast listeners! Today’s discussant is Dr Tassos Grammatikopoulos, of King’s College Hospital in London, and today’s theme is portal hypertension in children, an academic interest of Dr G. Tassos, Dr Grammatikopoulos, would you please oblige me at the appropriate moment with a rimshot? I’ll cue you. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists interested in portal hypertension have, since 1990, held occasional meetings in Baveno, a lakeside town that lies in northern Italy, at the southern foot of the Simplon Pass, in the Piedmont. From 1799 to 1800 it was Austrian... but, as usual, given the geography of the Piedmont, things went downhill— Dr Grammatikopoulos, that’s your cue! Went downhill, geddit?— and the town has ever since been more or less Italian, with French interludes. The German-speaking now are, I understand, welcome again. What is done at Baveno by the members of the international group of portal-hypertension enthusiasts who constitute the "Baveno Coöperation"? How do their opinions shape care clinically and in research settings? What rôle do Baveno meetings play in shaping paediatric work? How do ESPGHAN and the Coöperation, well, uhm, coöperate? As background, Dr Grammatikopoulos has provided references to several reports of recommendations issued from Baveno, titled Portal hypertension in children: Expert pediatric opinion on the report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension; Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children and the role of mesorex bypass: Summary of the Baveno VI pediatric satellite symposium; and Baveno VII – renewing consensus in portal hypertension, with an erratum. (A précis of this podcast that contains full bibliographic details is available at the ESPGHAN website.) But those are background, and Dr Grammatikopoulos is foreground. He can tell us what Baveno and its guidelines are all about.Literaturede Franchis R et al. Baveno VII – renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022 Apr;76(4):959–974. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022. Epub 2021 Dec 30. PMID: 35120736. PMCID: 11090185. Erratum: J Hepatol. 2022 Jul;77(1):271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.024. Epub 2022 Apr 14. PMID: 35431106. Shneider BL et al. Portal hypertension in children: Expert pediatric opinion on the report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. Pediatr Transplant. 2012 Aug;16(5):426–437. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01652.x. Epub 2012 Mar 13. PMID: 22409296. Shneider BL et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children and the role of mesorex bypass: Summary of the Baveno VI pediatric satellite symposium. Hepatology. 2016 Apr;63(4):1368–1380. DOI: 10.1002/hep.28153. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26358549. Dr. Grammatikopoulos favourite song: Ena To Helidoni - Grigoris Bithikotsis ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Annual Meeting 2026: Highlights from Lille with Elena Cernat 30.06.2026 21min

  Podcast listeners, we’re here today from ESPGHAN with the berry-picked best and freshest of what your society had to offer at its 58th Annual Meeting in Lille from 24 through 27 June. Mind you, “the best” reflects the opinion of our discussant, Dr Elena Cernat – she’s done the culling and the selecting. We should go into Dr Cernat’s background a bit. She comes from southeastern Romania and began her medical training at the opposite end of the country, in Cluj-Napoca (or Kolozsvár, or Klausenburg – Romania has always been multicultural), leaving for Valencia through the Erasmus programme and taking her degree there. She now works in Yorkshire – that is, in Leeds – and she has served as ESPGHAN’s abstract reviewer, for podcast purposes, for several years. Here are her choices. As always, though, what matters is: what you think. Listen along and, we hope, enjoy! Nutrition 1 PROSPECTIVE COURSE OF MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED EUROPEAN CHILDREN WITH SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME TREATED WITH TEDUGLUTIDE FOR 2 YEARS Lorenzo Norsa et al. Objectives and Study: Teduglutide is a therapeutic option for patients with intestinal failure from short bowel syndrome (SBS); however, long-term real-world data in paediatrics remain limited. Methods: In 104 paediatric patients receiving teduglutide, clinical response and parenteral nutrition (PN) weaning were assessed at 12 and 24 months. Demographic, anatomical, nutritional, and laboratory variables were compared between patients weaned and not weaned off PN at 24 months. Results: Among the 68 patients who responded at 12 months (defined as a PN reduction of ≥20%), 57 (84%) maintained their response at 24 months, while only 11 (16%) lost response. Conversely, 9 of 36 (25%) initial non-responders achieved a response at 24 months (p<0.001). Regarding PN weaning, 19 out of 21 patients (90.5%) who were weaned at 12 months remained PN-independent at 24 months; one died from a teduglutide-unrelated cause, and one restarted PN after 18 months because of poor weight gain. Twelve children (8/12 responders at 12 months) achieved PN weaning between 12 and 24 months. Overall, 31 (30%) patients were weaned off PN at 24 months (Figure 1). Weaned patients had significantly longer residual small bowel length (p=0.043), greater preservation of the ileocecal valve (p=0.005), and, at baseline, higher citrulline levels (p<0.001), lower PN dependency indices (p=0.002), and higher oral-enteral caloric intake (p=0.001). Conclusions: This real-world paediatric study demonstrates that PN independence in children with SBS treated with teduglutide is durable and can be achieved progressively over time, including beyond the first year of treatment. Anatomical and functional intestinal markers appear critical in determining PN independence. These findings support the long-term effectiveness of teduglutide as an individualized treatment strategy in paediatric intestinal failure. Nutrition 2 PERSONALIZED NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO PREVENT POSTNATAL GROWTH FALTERING IN PRETERM INFANTS Objectives and Study: Extremely preterm and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are highly vulnerable to postnatal growth faltering (GF) due to immature gastrointestinal function, increased nutritional needs, and clinical comorbidities. Current ESPGHAN nutritional recommendations may underestimate protein requirements for the highest-risk infants. This study evaluated whether an individualized, nutrition-focused follow-up strategy could reduce growth faltering and improve linear growth in infants <28 weeks’ gestational age (GA) and/or <1000 g at birth. Methods: A cohort of 229 preterm infants was analyzed across three groups: an intervention group receiving individualized weekly nutritional assessments and targeted adjustments, with protein increased up to 5.5 g/kg/day; a retrospective control group matched for GA, birthweight, and sex; and an external group from Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM). Growth (weight, length, head circumference) and z-scores were measured at birth, 14 days, 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), and discharge. Growth faltering was defined as a >1-point decline in z-score for weight or length from birth. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for major morbidities. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable across groups. The intervention significantly reduced GF compared with controls: 17.8% lower at 36 weeks PMA (p=0.021) and 25.3% lower at discharge (p=0.001), with outcomes similar to the WCM reference group (Figure 1). Exponential weight gain improved in the intervention group at 36 weeks PMA (16.1 [13.9; 17.15] vs. 15 [13.6; 16.3] g/kg/day, p=0.04). Length growth was also higher in the intervention and WCM groups, while head circumference growth showed no differences. Protein intakes in the intervention group frequently exceeded current ESPGHAN upper limits (≈4.5–5 g/kg/day), paired with adequate energy provision, and were associated with improved growth. Conclusions: Individualized nutritional follow-up effectively reduces growth faltering and enhances linear and weight growth in extremely preterm infants. Many infants appear to require protein intakes above current recommendations to achieve optimal growth, without adverse effects. Dr. Cernat has chosen the following song: Non, je ne regrette rien - Edith Piaf ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Pop T.: Wilson’s disease 19.06.2026 30min

  Hello, trouble! Yes, we here at ESPGHAN Podcasting Central mean you, our loyal listener. But you’re only the best kind of trouble, and we’re happy to see you again. Today’s guest is Prof Tudor Pop, from Cluj-Napoca, Romania’s second city. Transylvania, the region in northern Romania in which his hometown lies, has a long and complex ethnic history. Thus, you may know Romanian Cluj-Napoca as the Saxon Klausenburg or the Magyar Kolozsvár; Transylvanian settlements that haven’t been named in at least three languages are rare. Prof Pop has remained true to Cluj-Napoca and to the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy. There, he was awarded his medical diploma in 1995 and, rising through the paediatric ranks, became a professor in 2022. A stroll through Prof Pop’s listings on PubMed makes it clear that, whilst he has contributed widely to paediatrics, his international activity centres on Wilson disease, with special attention to its natural history and to diagnostic accuracy. That disorder is indeed the subject of the work he would like us to consider—a short bibliography is available in the documentation accompanying this podcast on the ESPGHAN website. Today, we can look forward to an account of his experience with Wilson disease in Romania, together with a review of the diagnostic and treatment guidelines promulgated by hepatology associations, particularly newer approaches that may not yet be widely available. Literature Ferenci P et al. Age and sex, but not ATP7B genotype, effectively influence the clinical phenotype of Wilson disease. Hepatology. 2019 Apr;69(4):1464–1476. DOI: 10.1002/hep.30280. Epub 2019 Mar 1. PMID: 30232804. Collins CJ et al. Direct measurement of ATP7B peptides is highly effective in the diagnosis of Wilson disease. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jun;160(7):2367–2382.e1. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.052. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PMID: 33640437. PMCID: PMC8243898. Pop TL et al. Acute liver failure with hemolytic anemia in children with Wilson's disease: Genotype–phenotype correlations? World J Hepatol. 2021 Oct 27;13(10):1428–1438. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i10.1428. PMID: 34786177. PMCID: PMC8568853. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL-ERN Clinical Practice Guidelines on Wilson's disease. J Hepatol. 2025 Feb 22:S0168-8278(24)02706-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.11.007. Online ahead of print. PMID: 40089450. Djebrani-Oussedik N et al. Relative exchangeable copper: A highly specific and sensitive biomarker for Wilson disease diagnosis. JHEP Rep. 2025 Jul 31;7(10):101537. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101537. eCollection 2025 Oct. PMID: 40980162. PMCID: PMC12446559. Prof Pop´s favourite song:  Enescu - Romanian Rhapsodie No. 1 ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Broekaert I.: Gastrostomies and Jejunostomies 09.06.2026 27min

  Well, would you look at that! Here’s another friend of ESPGHAN podcasting coming by to see what we have for listeners today. Welcome, and settle in for a session with a real mover and shaker, Dr Ilse Broekaert, who oversees ESPGHAN’s educational activities, and who has led efforts to introduce Europe-wide certification in paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition – more about this, however, at the site linked below. Dr Broekaert, or Ilse – the better to avoid umlaut confusion, which plays hob with attempts to pronounce her surname – works in Cologne, or Köln (no getting away from umlauts, is there?), where she settled in after earning her medical degree in Bochum. One might expect that she devoted herself early to gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition, and indeed that was the case, but... like Mae West and the snow, she drifted, wandering off into allergology and pulmonology, adding to her board certification in gastroenterology another certification yet. Glancing through her list of publications leaves one rather at a loss: she’s made contributions across the board, it seems. To what is she devoting herself now? Lucky, then, that Ilse has asked that this chat centre on three publications, titled “The use of jejunal tube feeding in children: A position paper by the gastroenterology and nutrition committees of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition 2019”, “Safety of the one step percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (push-PEG) button in pediatric patients”, and “Retrospective study on safety and complications of direct percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children below 10 kg”, a great help in focussing the interview! Keep listening to learn how attitudes and approaches to tube feeding and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement have evolved in the past decade, the present clinical and parental environment for feeding by this route, and, of course, what can go wrong – and how to make sure that it doesn’t. Literature Broekaert IJ et al. The use of jejunal tube feeding in children: A position paper by the gastroenterology and nutrition committees of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition 2019. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019 Aug;69(2):239–258. Doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002379. PMID: 31169666 Brinkmann J et al. Safety of the one step percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (push-PEG) button in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023 Dec 1;77(6):828–834. Doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003930. Epub 2023 Aug 23. PMID: 37608440. PMCID: PMC10642703 Broekaert IJ, Hünseler C. Retrospective study on safety and complications of direct percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children below 10 kg. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025 Aug;81(2):417–420. Doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70085. Epub 2025 May 22. PMID: 40401400. PMCID: PMC12314583 Link, sub-specialty certification https://www.espghan.org/knowledge-center/education/ESPGHAN_European-PGHN-Exam Dr. Broekaert´s favourite song: Jesu, Joy of Man´s Desiring ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Morris T.: Preventing Metabolic Bone Disease in Children on Home Parenteral Nutrition 19.05.2026 26min

  Good morning, evening, afternoon — whenever and wherever you may be — ESPGHAN is bringing you another podcast, this one, as we say in Hungary, egy unikum, a one-off and a first for this series. We’ve done gastroenterologists and hepatologists to death, really; it’s long been time for a new start, a new star. And we’ve found him in Dr Timothy Morris of Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, a Paediatric Chemical Pathologist A glance at Dr Morris’ curriculum vitae is shaming — unlike me, for one, who am very much a Feld-, Wald-, und Wiesenpathologe; it’s the parable of the talents, really, and I’m the servant who has kept them buried — he has done so much, in so many different areas, and done it so well! First carrying away all the prizes with a degree in genetics; throwing over post-graduate studies in plant genetics for three years as a financial analyst; a second degree in medicine; and, after two years on the wards as a junior doctor, entry into his present field — chemical pathology — but who can predict if he will stay there? Something tells me that he has a restless eye, and that he already is considering which field next to conquer. Today he’s asked us to work through a problem in calcium metabolism, namely metabolic bone disease, or MBD, in children with intestinal failure who are on home parenteral nutrition. His team’s findings, from Tridimas A et al., as published in JPGN Rep, require a bit of background for best appreciation. Let’s start by addressing MBD. Rickets and osteomalacia are two types of MBD. Osteoid mineralisation is deficient in both conditions. To be rickety, you must have active growth plates. Osteomalacia is a broader church, with not only children but also adults among her communicants. Contributors to osteomalacia in persons receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are many; aluminium toxicity aside, they converge in hypocalcaemia, with secondary hyperparathyroidism in consequence. This aggravates deficiency of mineralisation and leads to frank osteopenia and osteoporosis, with broken bones. Osteopenia occurs in approximately 45% of children with intestinal failure, with 16%–25% having osteoporosis. MBD can be assessed by bone biopsy or by X-ray densitometry, but “blood work” is generally deployed instead. Dr Morris’ team began by determining how frequently MBD was found in a cohort of 37 children with intestinal failure who were receiving PN at home. Laboratory data over a span of 4½ years found elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) values in 22 (59%). Of these, 5 had elevated PTH values in >50% of measurements. A flow-chart protocol was followed for 4 months, cascading from an initial PTH determination — high, normal, or low? — via determinations of calcium and magnesium, adjustments in calcium and phosphate concentrations in administered PN, and PTH determinations that began the cascade again. During protocol use, PTH values were elevated in 6 children (18%), and persistent elevation of PTH was found in none. Are the before-and-after comparisons fair? Would longer follow-up during protocol use have found more instances of secondary hyperparathyroidism? An open question, perhaps. But to monitor PTH values closely, using the flow-chart protocol to guide intervention, appears promising in respect of slowing or halting the development of MBD in children who receive PN at home.LiteratureTridimas A et al. Reducing metabolic bone disease burden in intestinal failure children on home parenteral nutrition.JPGN Rep. 2023 Nov 6;4(4):e368. doi: 10.1097/PG9.0000000000000368. eCollection 2023 Nov. PMID: 38034429. PMCID: PMC10684215. Dr. Morrison´s favourite song: Michel de la Barre - 5e suite, premiere livre de pieces pour la flute traversiere ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Alcázar López M. & Fiore G.: Microbiotia and Obesity 09.05.2026 20min

  Mireia Alcázar López and Giulia Fiore are early-career nutrition scientists focusing on the relationship between the gut microbiome and obesity in children. Dr. Alcázar trained at Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Reus campus) in Catalonia, while Dr. Fiore trained at multiple institutions in Milan and conducted collaborative research in Reus with Dr. Alcázar. Their research investigates how caregiver dietary interventions and counselling can influence the gut microbiome and whether these changes correlate with shifts in metabolic risk. They explore both what has been learned to date and what gaps remain, with the goal of informing clinical strategies for managing childhood obesity. Selected Literature:Alcázar M et al. Effectiveness of a motivational intervention to improve gut microbiota diversity in children with obesity: A randomized clustered open-label intervention trial. Presented, ESPGHAN 2025.Fackelmann G et al. Gut microbiome signatures of vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets and associated health outcomes across 21,561 individuals. Nat Microbiol 2025;10(1):41–52.Fiore G et al. Effects of dietary interventions on gut microbiota and related cardiometabolic changes in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: A meta-analysis of intervention trials. Presented, ESPGHAN 2025.Houtman TA et al. Gut microbiota and BMI throughout childhood: The role of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and short-chain fatty acid producers. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):3140. Dr. Alcazar & Fiore´s favourite song:  Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da - Beatels ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• JPGN Journal Club May 2026: Emerging Insights into Eosinophilic Oesophagitis 30.04.2026 23min

  Welcome to the third ESPGHAN Journal Club of 2026, with Dr Jake Mann! Jake has chosen for today’s session two studies in eosinophilic oesophagitis – for convenience’ sake, henceforward “EOE”. One describes an interesting rise in instances of diagnosed EOE in two regions of Spain; the other provides data suggesting that to assess EOE by both histopathologic and molecular-biologic criteria as bipartite, or with two distinct and perhaps separable components, inflammation and remodelling, may be of prognostic value. What might public-health officials do to address the purported rise in the incidence of Spanish EOE? Will histopathologic studies of EOE acquire new life? The answer to both is: “Anything can, and probably will, happen in Spring.” For details, listen – or read – further: The bibliographic citations are below. LiteratureArias A et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis doubles in less than a decade: A population-based study in 2 regions of Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2026 Mar 30:0. Doi: 10.18176/jiaci.1161. Online ahead of print. PMID: 41910381.Eindor‐Abarbanel A et al. Beyond eosinophils: A proteomic dissection of remodeling and inflammation in suspected eosinophilic esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2026 Apr; 82(4):1078‐1087. Doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70347. PMID: 41536225. PMCID: PMC13050820.
• Verduci E. & Koeglmeier J.: Vegan Diet 19.04.2026 23min

  Dr. Elvira Verduci is a physician and clinical nutritionist at the University of Milan, where she heads the Division of Metabolic Diseases at Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital. She maintains a rare-disease registry for congenital defects in amino-acid metabolism and transport and serves as secretary to ESPGHAN’s Nutrition Committee. Her research interests include metabolic programming and childhood obesity. Dr. Jutta Kögelmeier, trained in Germany and the UK, is the clinical lead for nutrition and intestinal-failure rehabilitation at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children. Together, Dr. Verduci and Dr. Kögelmeier focus on vegan and vegetarian diets in childhood, examining their effects on growth, nutritional adequacy, and health outcomes compared with omnivorous diets. They provide guidance for clinicians and families on monitoring and supporting children and adolescents adopting plant-based diets. Selected Literature:Koller A et al. Health aspects of vegan diets among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024;64(33):13247–13258.Melina V et al. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016;116(12):1970–1980.Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient intake and status in children and adolescents consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: A systematic review. Nutrients 2023;15(20):4341. Dr. Verduci & Koegelmeier´s favourite song:  Viva La Vida - Coldplay ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Walker A.: Obesity & Autism 09.04.2026 18min

  Anna Walker is a specialist paediatric dietitian at Bristol Royal Hospital. She has a diverse international background, having been raised in Finland and educated in the United States, England, and Finland, with professional experience spanning Finland, Norway, England, and Cambodia. Her work focuses on dietetic care for children with obesity, particularly exploring the potential links between obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. She investigates how aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders may contribute to obesity in children and provides practical guidance on managing their diets clinically. Selected Literature:Sammels O et al. Autism spectrum disorder and obesity in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 2022;15(3):305–320.Mathew NE et al. Dietary intake in children on the autism spectrum is altered and linked to differences in autistic traits and sensory processing styles. Autism Res 2022;15(10):1824–1839.Hawton K et al. Complications of excess weight seen in two tier 3 paediatric weight management services: An observational study. Arch Dis Child 2025;110(3):216–220. Dr. Walker´s favourite song: Wish You Were Here - Pink Floyd  ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Van der Doef H.: Vascular complications after Liver Transplant 19.03.2026 20min

  Dr. Hubert P. J. van der Doef of Beatrix Children’s Hospital and the University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands, trained in Utrecht and completed a fellowship in paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition at Groningen. He initially worked on cystic fibrosis but has since focused on vascular complications in pediatric liver transplantation, particularly how to identify and manage issues related to the hepatic artery and portal vein. Dr. van der Doef emphasizes the importance of multi-institutional collaborations and supranational registries to understand the factors that influence clinical outcomes. Using data from the HEPATIC and PORTAL registries, supported by Delphi analysis, he contributes to developing standardized core outcome sets and evidence-based clinical guidelines for managing vascular complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Selected Literature:de Ville de Goyet J et al. European Liver Transplant Registry: Donor and transplant surgery aspects of 16,641 liver transplantations in children. Hepatology 2022;75(3):634–645.Stevens JP et al. Portal vein complications and outcomes following pediatric liver transplantation: Data from the Society of Pediatric Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2022;28(7):1196–1206.Li W et al. Treatment strategies for hepatic artery complications after pediatric liver transplantation: A systematic review. Liver Transpl 2024;30(2):160–169. Dr. Van der Doef´s favourite song: Joost Klein - Europapa ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Vandenplas Y.: Biotics in formula 09.03.2026 20min

  Prof Dr Yvan Vandenplas, Associate Editor of Nutrients, trained in medicine with specialty training in paediatrics at the Free University of Brussels. From the completion of his paediatric training in 1986, he moved seamlessly into an appointment in 1987 as head of the University Hospital Brussels unit for paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. He served as Chair of Paediatrics there from 1994 to 2021. When he stepped down from that position, what had marked every other caesura in his professional life occurred once again: he was simply too good to let wander away. He now serves as consultant and emeritus professor within the same complex of institutions in which he has spent fifty highly productive years. Prof Vandenplas has led the recent work of the ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications, addressing the supplementation of infant formula with biotics, including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and manufactured human milk oligosaccharides. These efforts have resulted in a series of technical reviews and recommendations that are poised to serve as practical clinical guidelines; the bibliographic list appears below. He challenges listeners: with this literature as your guide, would you recommend adding “biotics” to infant formula—and why or why not? Which biotics would you choose? And with regard to human milk oligosaccharides, do you believe a “more-is-better” shotgun approach is preferable, or should specific oligosaccharides be selected and modified to address allergy risk or to mirror shifts in breast milk composition as the infant ages? In short, the future is already here, and caregivers would do well to keep pace. Titles Recommendations on the Health Outcomes of Infant Formula Supplemented with Bioticsby the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications Technical Review by the ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications on the Health Outcomes of Infant Formula Supplemented with Postbiotics Literature Dinleyici EC et al. Technical review by the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications on the health outcomes of infant formula supplemented with probiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 May 12. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70068. Online ahead of print. PMID: 40356343. Hojsak I et al. Technical review by the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications on the health outcomes of infant formula supplemented with manufactured human milk oligosaccharides. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 Mar 24. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70032. Online ahead of print. PMID: 40123480. Mihatsch W et al. Technical review by the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications on the health outcomes of infant formula supplemented with prebiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 May 19. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70064. Online ahead of print. PMID: 40384260. Salvatore S et al. Technical review by the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications on the health outcomes of infant formula supplemented with synbiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 Mar 21. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70031. Online ahead of print. PMID: 40114538. Dr. Vandenplas´s favourite song: Louis Neefs - Wat Een Leven ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• JPGN Journal Club: March 2026: Biomarkers and Risk Stratification for Varices in Children with Portal Hypertension 01.03.2026 23min

  A round of applause, dear readers: We’ve made it into, good Heavens, 2026! Breasted the tape? Or limped across the finish line? No matter. To mis-quote Scripture, that is of course Stephen Sondheim: We’re still here. Among the “we,” and our lodestar, is Dr Jake Mann. He’s selected two articles for consideration: From Jezequel M et al., in work done at Lille, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr brings us – Splenic stiffness does not predict esophageal varices in children with portal hypertension; and from a cluster of Parisian institutions, by Grimaud E et al. and published in Hepatology – Serum bile acid levels predict the development of portal hypertension and high-risk esophageal varices following successful Kasai in biliary atresia. In short: How to foretell the variceal future. What sorts of cohorts were assembled, and what data were collected? How were those data analysed? All-comers in Lille, in Paris persons with a certain disorder treated in a certain way with a certain age and meeting certain clinical criteria… A lot to sort out here, and the comparisons and contrasts are better listened to than read, you’ll agree. Or: Back to Sondheim, in the tale of Sweeney Todd, the demon barber of Fleet Street, who shaved the faces of gentlemen / Who never thereafter were heard of again… What happened next?Well, that’s the play –And he wouldn’t want us to give it away. Happy listening! Enjoy ESPGHAN Journal Club – enjoy the play! Literature Grimaud E et al. Serum bile acid levels predict the development of portal hypertension and high-risk esophageal varices following successful Kasai in biliary atresia. Hepatology 2025 Oct 23. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001592. Online ahead of print. PMID: 41129338 Jezequel M et al. Splenic stiffness does not predict esophageal varices in children with portal hypertension. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2026 Jan; 82(1):156–164. DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.70247. Epub 2025 Oct 27. PMID: 41144851. PMCID: PMC12780471
• Tzivinikos C.: Magnet ingestion 20.02.2026 20min

  Dr. Christos Tzivinikos graduated in 1999 from the Medical School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. After several years serving as a medical officer aboard ships in the Greek navy, he began specialty training in paediatrics in the United Kingdom in 2005. Further training in gastroenterology followed between 2012 and 2015, culminating in a consultancy at Alder Hey Children’s Hospital in Liverpool, which he held until 2018. He then moved to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to establish a paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition department at Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital. Dr. Tzivinikos shares his expertise on foreign-body ingestion in children, focusing particularly on button batteries and rare-earth magnets. This discussion addresses three key questions: How dangerous are rare-earth magnets? When and how should ingested magnets be removed? Are current efforts sufficient for advocacy and awareness? LiteratureOnline course – Paediatric Gastroenterology: Management of Foreign Body Ingestion in Children: https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/paediatric-gastroenterology-management-of-foreign-body-ingestion-in-children/1Nugud A et al. Pediatric magnet ingestion, diagnosis, management, and prevention: A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) position paper. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Apr 1;76(4):523-532. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003702. Epub 2023 Mar 22. PMID: 36947000Furlano RI et al. Mistakes in paediatric foreign body ingestion and how to avoid them. UEG Education. 2024;24:1-7. Non-indexed journal. Dr. Tzivinikos´s favourite song: Theodorakis ‘s song - Aprilis ESPGHAN favourite songs can be found on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo
• Uhlig H.: monogenic IBD: diagnosis, treatment, transition 10.02.2026 20min

  In 1990, Prof. Holm Uhlig entered the School of Medicine at the University of Leipzig – a city in Saxony with a long and turbulent history. The University, founded in 1409, had survived centuries of upheaval, including the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, when Napoleon’s forces were defeated and King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony was taken prisoner. Studying medicine in Leipzig during the 1990s meant navigating a period of significant transition following German reunification, yet Dr. Uhlig successfully completed his medical degree. Following his studies, he conducted research in paediatric immunology in Leipzig before spending three years at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford. He later returned to Leipzig to work in paediatrics from 2004 to 2010, then returned to Oxford, where he currently serves as Professor of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Director of the Centre for Human Genetics. Dr. Uhlig’s foundational work, completed during his first stay in Oxford, identified interleukin-23 as a key promoter of intestinal inflammation. This discovery has enabled the development of therapies targeting the alpha subunit of interleukin-23, modulating mucosal inflammatory activity. His team continues to unravel the complex pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), using molecular-genetic analysis to identify monogenic contributions. Their ultimate goal is to develop genetics-based, patient-specific therapies. Dr. Uhlig suggests correlated reading (see below) and invites reflection on key questions: What is the genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease? How can research in genetics and immunology improve patient care? What are the most exciting recent developments in the field? LiteratureBolton C et al. An integrated taxonomy for monogenic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2022 Mar;162(3):859-876. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 13. PMID: 34780721. PMCID: PMC7616885; erratum, Gastroenterology. 2022 Jun;162(7):2143. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.007. Epub 2022 Apr 11. PMID: 35421357Kammermeier J et al. Genomic diagnosis and care coordination for monogenic inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults: Consensus guideline on behalf of the British Society of Gastroenterology and British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Mar;8(3):271-286. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00337-5. Epub 2023 Jan 9. PMID: 36634696Griffin H et al. Neutralizing autoantibodies against interleukin-10 in inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2024 Aug 1;391(5):434-441. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2312302. PMID: 39083772. PMCID: PMC7616361 Prof Uhlig´s favourite song: J.S. Bach – Suite Nr. 1 für Violoncello Solo in G-Dur ESPGHAN favourite songs can be found on Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo
• Strozyk A.: Food Ladder 20.01.2026 21min

  Dr. Agata Stróżyk, a dietitian at the Medical University of Warsaw, shared her expertise on the “food ladder” in both theory and practice, providing insights for clinicians, patients, and families. She addresses questions such as:Could you explain what a food ladder is?What steps does a child typically go through during the food ladder process?What are the key benefits of milk and egg reintroduction for patients and families?What positive outcomes do you observe clinically?At the same time, what are the most common barriers and facilitators to successful reintroduction, and how important is it to monitor each step of the ladder carefully to ensure safety and build confidence in both the child and the caregivers?As a dietitian, what practical advice would you give to clinicians conducting an oral food challenge with baked milk or egg? For example, how can existing recipes be adapted to match a child’s individual food preferences or their stage of oral-motor development?What would you suggest if a child with a food allergy is also a picky eater or has multiple food allergies – such as to both milk and wheat?Below are references she has selected to guide listeners in addressing these questions. LiteratureVenter C et al. Better recognition, diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy in infancy: iMAP – an international interpretation of the MAP (Milk Allergy in Primary Care) guideline. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017 Aug 23;7:26. doi: 10.1186/s13601-017-0162-y. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28852472; cf. also Correction to: Venter C et al. Better recognition, diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy in infancy: iMAP – an international interpretation of the MAP (Milk Allergy in Primary Care) guideline. Clin Transl Allergy. 2018 Jan 25;8:4. doi: 10.1186/s13601-017-0189-0. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29416848Meyer R et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guideline update – VII: Milk elimination and reintroduction in the diagnostic process of cow's milk allergy. World Allergy Organ J. 2023 Jul 24;16(7):100785. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100785. eCollection 2023 Jul. PMID: 37546235. PMCID: PMX10401347Gibson V et al. Barriers and enablers of dietary reintroduction following negative oral food challenge: A scoping review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2025 Apr;13(4):851-860.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.01.012. Epub 2025 Jan 17. PMID: 39828135 Dr. Stróżyk´s favourite song is: Małomiasteczkowy - Dawid Podsiadło ESPGHAN favourite songs can be found on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo
• Malmberg E.: Celiac disease 10.01.2026 21min

  Your ESPGHAN podcast team are collecting expertise from as many learnèd, skilled, and experienced paediatric gastroenterologists and hepatologists as possible! Oh, and from dietitians… they’re among the most important links in the chain between gastroenterologist and the universal goal – a healthy child and a happy family. Today’s note accompanies an encounter with Dr Elin Malmberg Hård af Segerstad, whose principal interests lie in the origins and management of the immune dysregulation manifest as coeliac disease. In a person with an inherited susceptibility to coeliac disease, what triggers the development of that disease? Can triggers be avoided, and if so, how? After diagnosis and treatment, how can a patient with coeliac disease be monitored for compliance with dietary regimens? Who is best positioned to monitor such patients? Dr Hård af Segerstad poses questions on three points as an armature for discussion:What rôle does diet play in the development of coeliac disease in children? Can dietary modifications prevent coeliac disease?How can gluten-free diet adherence be best assessed in children with coeliac disease? How does clinical practice at present fall short in this regard?What is the rôle of the dietitian in the management of coeliac disease in children? Should all children with coeliac disease have access to an experienced dietitian?In addressing these questions, she builds on three articles listed below – consensus summaries of best practice. But she also goes into detail on particular aspects of dietetic care not covered in those articles, so listen carefully!LiteratureMearin ML et al. ESPGHAN position paper on management and follow-up of children and adolescents with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022 Sep 1; 75(3):369–386.Doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003540. Epub 2022 Jun 27. PMID: 35758521Luque V et al. Gluten-free diet for pediatric patients with coeliac disease: A position paper from the ESPGHAN gastroenterology committee, special interest group in coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024 Apr; 78(4):973–995.Doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12079. Epub 2024 Jan 30. PMID: 38291739Szajewska H et al. Early diet and the risk of coeliac disease: An update 2024 position paper by the ESPGHAN special interest group on coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024 Aug; 79(2):438–445.Doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12280. Epub 2024 Jun 7. PMID: 38847232 Dr. Malmberg´s favourite song: Måns Zelmerlöw - Heroes ESPGHAN favourite songs can be found on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo
• JPGN Journal Club January 2026: Coeliac Disease - Current Evidence on Therapy and Diagnosis 31.12.2025 22min

  Hark! It’s midnight, children dear –Duck! Here comes another year! Well, readers, when this reaches you perhaps we shall all be in 2026, perhaps not; whichever, the New Year’s Eve couplet above may amuse you as you look backward, or forward, and… but who says that time has to be linear? Very twentieth-century idea, that – we’ve made progress since then. In any case, whenever this is, here we are. ESPGHAN Journal Club isn’t like the seasons, like the years, going around and around and enough to make your head spin. Journal Club instead has one fixed, unmoving point around which everything revolves. Yes: the ultra-stable Dr Jake Mann. What has Ol’ Reliable, as he’s nicknamed, selected for us today? Coeliac disease (CD) is on Jake’s menu – how to diagnose it, how to treat it. Treatment first. In Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, by Risnes LF et al., writing from a handful of institutions in Oslo: Teriflunomide does not affect gluten-specific T-cell activity in coeliac disease – a randomised, placebo-controlled trial; and then, in a blatant attempt to reduce histopathologists and endoscopists to diagnostic irrelevance and grinding poverty, from Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, by Mandile R et al., working in Naples and Rotterdam: A set of serum proteomic biomarkers differentiates celiac children from age- and human leukocyte antigen-matched healthy controls. What, or who, is teriflunomide (“but you can call me Teri”)? Teri is an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa–light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and she’s cytotoxic, albeit not very, which makes her valuable in dampening inflammatory activity. Teri can make activated T cells, in particular, go off the boil, which has won her a rôle in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Risnes et al. hypothesised that she could usefully be deployed in CD. To test this in 15 children with treated CD, Risnes and co-workers fed Teri to 10 and placebo to 5 for a week, after which a gluten challenge – a slice of white bread daily for three days – was administered, with Teri continued until the end of the second week. Serum levels of interleukin-2, an acute-response indicator, were determined in samples taken four hours after the first slice of white bread was eaten. On Day 15 of the study, eight days from the first day of the challenge, the team counted gluten-specific CD4+ T cells in blood (detected by HLA-DQ2.5:gluten tetramers) that bore the activation marker CD38, a longer-term response indicator, as well as CD103+CD38+ gut-homing CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells. Gluten challenge evoked substantial acute and longer-term inflammatory responses, but Teri administration yielded no difference between cohorts in values for any analyte. Theseus in shadow, patting his way forward; at the end of the corridor, another doorless wall. The darkness, and the stench of the Minotaur, and the sick realisation – I must go back and try again. Risnes et al. have taken the Teri turning, have explored another arm of the labyrinth of how to modulate, how to understand, inflammation in CD, and met with not a doorless wall exactly; instead, a possibility assessed and found wanting. That is something. We learn that one set of ideas about CD is falsifiable. That is even something interesting. But the chagrin of acknowledging that we must go back and try again? We are Theseus. Still in the CD labyrinth with Jake’s other choice; what is that at our feet? Bend, pick up, feel the embossed letters – χτῆμα Ἀριάδνης; “property of Ariadne”. Part-unreeled, a spool of thread! This may actually get us somewhere. Indeed, Mandile et al., our collective daughter of Minos, have sorted through serum biomarkers of inflammation and have given us a clew worth following, perhaps toward light and freedom. That is, toward non-invasive diagnosis in CD that requires neither endoscopy nor mucosal biopsy. Assessments of the proteome in mucosal biopsy specimens have shown certain patterns of increases in inflammation-pathway members; Mandile et al. reviewed relative abundances of 92 such analytes in sera from 100 paediatric patients – 50 with active CD (45 documented by histopathologic study of biopsy specimens, 5 by high titres of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies [anti-TTA]) and 50 with HLA-DQ2/DQ8 “at-risk” phenotypes who did not have clinically manifest CD and who did not develop such CD over the nine years after serum sampling. The subjects were age-matched cohort to cohort and of similar ethnic background. Three different statistical sievings yielded seven proteins (CASP8, CXCL9, NT-3, SIRT2, STAMBP, ST1A1, and TNFSF14) that, when present in abundance, distinguished approximately 90% of CD children from non-CD children. Current algorithms for diagnosis of CD, unless anti-TTA titres are very high, require endoscopy and mucosal biopsy with demonstration in the biopsy specimen of certain features. Might demonstration of a serum protein-abundance pattern like that determined to mark CD in the patients of Mandile et al. obviate endoscopy and biopsy in other patients? To answer that question will require confirmation of this study’s findings in other cohorts of other ethnicities. Those are likely already under way. Even now, Theseus is rapidly rolling thread from the labyrinth’s floor onto Ariadne’s spool, following the clew toward a brighter future with many fewer invasive procedures in CD patients. Phlebotomy instead of endoscopy and biopsy; insights from cytokinome work into mechanisms of inflammation in CD; remarkable progress! Even with immiseration looming, paediatric endoscopists and histopathologists must concur in this assessment of what Mandile et al. have contributed with this study. Literature Mandile R et al. A set of serum proteomic biomarkers differentiates celiac children from age- and human leukocyte antigen-matched healthy controls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2025 Nov 20. doi: 10.1002/jpn3.70261. Online ahead of print. PMID: 41263022. Risnes LF et al. Research communication: Teriflunomide does not affect gluten-specific T-cell activity in coeliac disease – a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025 Nov;62(10):1027–1031. doi: 10.1111/apt.70301. Epub 2025 Jul 27. PMID: 41124699.
• Homan M & Giamouris V.:  three tricky cases along the new HP guideline 20.12.2025 22min

  Young ESPGHAN is on a roll! Today one of that group, a representative on the Education Committee, tries his hand at podcast interviewing: Dr Vangelis Giamouris was granted his medical degree at the University of Thessaly, trained in paediatrics in Athens at the Agia Sofia Children’s Hospital, and at present works at King’s College Hospital (London). He offers three clinical scenarios that involve Helicobacter pylori disease to Prof Dr Matjaž Homan for his perspective on diagnosis and treatment, in particular deployment of antibiotics. Prof Homan trained in Slovenia, taking his medical degree in Ljubljana, and has conducted academic work on H. pylori both there and in Zagreb (Croatia). He now in Ljubljana is the deputy director of the University Children’s Hospital. In his comments on Dr Giamouris’ clinical vignettes he illustrates the principles set out in the recently updated ESPGHAN / NASPGHAN guidelines for physicians addressing H. pylori disease – guidelines for which he was the foremost reviser, and which are cited below. LiteratureHoman M et al. Updated joint ESPGHAN / NASPGHAN guidelines for management of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents (2023). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024 Sep; 79(3):758-785. Doi: 10.1002/jpn3.12314. Epub 2024 Aug 15. PMID: 39148213 Dr. Homan´s favourite song: John Lennon - Give Peace a chance ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo 
• Bradley K.: ARFID 10.12.2025 20min

  Greetings from Helsinki, where your ESPGHAN podcast team have taken the opportunity to buttonhole for interviews as many learnèd, skilled, and experienced paediatric gastroenterologists and hepatologists as possible! We haven’t forgotten the allied professions, mind you; this note accompanies for you an encounter recorded at the 2025 ESPGHAN Annual Meeting with Dr Kathryn Bradley, a clinical psychologist expert in Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Her work in “picky eating” is not her only credential in paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition: she is the mother of a child with total colonic aganglionosis, a lived experience on which she draws in counselling and treatment of children who, unlike most of us, cannot eat and drink unthinkingly... and of their families. In this podcast, she addresses these three questions:What are the key signs that distinguish ARFID from typical “picky eating” or other eating disorders?How does ARFID affect a child's physical and mental health, and what are the long-term consequences if children and families are left without support?What evidence-based approaches can be used to support a child/family with ARFID and which professionals should be involved?In addressing these questions, she builds on two articles — gateways into resources to be consulted as caregivers encounter ARFID: LiteratureBryant-Waugh R et al. Towards an evidence-based out-patient care pathway for children and young people with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder.J Behav Cogn Ther 2021; 31:15–26. (Non-indexed article) Sanchez-Cerezo J et al. What do we know about the epidemiology of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents? A systematic review of the literature.Eur Eat Disord Rev 2023 Mar; 31(2):226–246.DOI: 10.1002/erv.2964 | Epub: 2022 Dec 16 | PMID: 36527163 | PMCID: PMC10108140 Dr. Bradley´s favourite song: Oasis - She is electric  ESPGHAN favourite Songs can be found on Spotify https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0YIHKjxITLEm9XNyHyypTo