Machine Learning Street Talk (MLST)

Епизоде

• When AI Decides You're a Threat — Brad Carson 31.05.2026 1ч 20мин

  Brad Carson was the Army's General Counsel, served two terms in Congress and was Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. He now heads Americans for Responsible Innovation, the AI-policy advocacy group he co-founded. Keith Duggar spends roughly eighty minutes pushing back.SPONSOR:---Cyber Fund built the Monastery to help founders ship products that were impossible a year ago. Applications for Batch 1 are now open.Apply now: https://cyber.fund---Carson's whole case rests on one line: the genie is not out of the bottle. We have pulled dangerous tech back before. Asilomar halted recombinant DNA in 1975, and the West still controls the chips AI runs on. Calling it unstoppable, he says, is the most dangerous idea in the room.Then Keith drags him somewhere darker. A Palantir heat map scores you 0.73 on whether you are a combatant, and a strike follows. The model is wrong some accepted share of the time, and when it is, nobody answers for it. You cannot court-martial a model, and not even the interpretability researchers can say why it picked you.—Note: after recording, we learned that Americans for Responsible Innovation is backed by EA-aligned philanthropy (not sponsored)---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 From the Pentagon to AI governance00:04:52 Regulatory capture vs Silicon Valley networks00:07:56 Transparency and the Claude tier changes00:09:40 Tort liability when AI tools cause harm00:13:40 AI is a product, not a person00:16:01 Children, suicide, and the suicide business00:19:59 Opaque neural nets and the law of war00:25:54 Probabilistic targeting and the death of accountability00:28:47 The arms race fallacy: Asilomar and restraint00:34:02 Talking to China: track 2 talks and chip leverage00:39:45 Air power never wins: capital for labour00:43:29 Anthropic vs the Department of War00:51:29 Concentration, open source, and brain drain01:00:18 DeepSeek, Chinese culture, and AI as diplomacy01:12:25 Upskilling Congress and why public trust matters---REFERENCES:organization:[00:02:45] ICRC position on autonomous weaponshttps://www.icrc.org/en/law-and-policy/autonomous-weapons[00:05:22] Americans for Responsible Innovation (ARI)https://ari.us[00:07:20] Andreessen Horowitz (a16z)https://a16z.com/[01:16:05] Office of Technology Assessmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessmentother:[00:03:35] Beneficial AGI 2019 Conference (Future of Life Institute, Puerto Rico)https://futureoflife.org/event/beneficial-agi-2019/[00:18:30] Section 230 of the Communications Decency Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230[00:19:59] Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWS)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon[00:31:35] Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks[00:32:28] Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA (1975)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_on_Recombinant_DNA[00:39:45] The New Iron Triangle (ARI policy byte)https://ari.us/policy-bytes/the-new-iron-triangle/[00:48:05] Defense Production Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Production_Actperson:[00:03:35] Anthony Aguirrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Aguirre[00:06:48] Dean Ball — Hyperdimensionalhttps://www.hyperdimensional.co/[00:23:13] Neel Nanda — mechanistic interpretabilityhttps://www.neelnanda.io/[00:36:02] Jack Clark (Anthropic) on Conversations with Tylerhttps://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/jack-clark/[00:39:15] Robert Trager — Centre for the Governance of AIhttps://www.governance.ai/team/robert-trager[00:41:55] Giulio Douhethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Douhet[01:15:05] Don Beyer (US Congress)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Beyertool:[00:22:19] Phalanx CIWShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS---ReScript:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/9405ff35c0215b7cdae6402d41284171https://app.rescript.info/api/public/sessions/0a6c081b8e5fe413/pdf
• Intelligence is collective, not artificial — Prof. Michael I. Jordan (UC Berkeley / Inria) 21.05.2026 1ч 17мин

  Michael I. Jordan, described by Science magazine as the most influential computer scientist alive, has never thought of himself as an AI researcher. In this conversation he explains why that distinction matters.SPONSOR:---Cyber Fund built the Monastery to help founders ship products that were impossible a year ago. Applications for Batch 1 are now open.Apply now: https://cyber.fund---Jordan trained as a statistician and cognitive scientist, and his career has been spent building machine learning systems that work in the real world: supply chains, commerce, healthcare, and large economic systems. When the field rebranded itself as AI and then AGI, he did not follow. Instead he argues that the framing is wrong. AI is better understood as a collective economic system than as a race to build a disembodied superintelligence.We talk about why AGI is mostly a PR term, what machine learning achieved before the LLM hype cycle, and why the assistant-on-your-shoulder vision may be less compelling than it sounds. Jordan explains why explanations need to be actionable, not merely mechanistic; why AlphaFold's missing error bars matter; how prediction-powered inference changes the picture; and why drug discovery is an incentive-design problem rather than a pure pattern-matching problem.ERRATA: Science magazine ranked him the most influential computer scientist, not Nature---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Cold open: A demoralizing message to young builders00:02:04 CyberFund sponsor read00:02:50 From symbolic AI to machine learning systems00:05:42 Why AGI is mostly a PR term00:08:48 A collectivist, economic perspective on AI00:11:33 Why LLMs need system design, not hype00:14:50 Predictability beats faux understanding00:17:55 AlphaFold, bias, and prediction-powered inference00:21:48 Stop anthropomorphizing intelligence00:27:44 Drug discovery as an incentive problem00:32:29 The three-layer data market00:38:07 Social knowledge, markets, and culture00:45:39 Creator economics beyond Spotify00:48:30 How science-fiction AI narratives mislead young builders00:51:45 AI should improve humans, not replace them00:56:42 Safety is a property of the whole system00:58:12 Silicon Valley gurus and the cream off the top01:00:47 Game theory, mechanism design, and contracts01:04:39 Conformal prediction, e-values, and anytime inference01:08:11 A new liberal arts triangle for the AI era01:11:30 The Bayesian duck and markets as uncertainty reductionReScript (transcript, PDF, refs etc) - https://app.rescript.info/public/share/fb68f94af29d3745c6cf6125e01328b5---REFERENCES:person:[00:02:50] Michael I. Jordan (homepage)https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jordan/paper:[00:06:01] A Collectivist, Economic Perspective on AIhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06268[00:18:09] AlphaFoldhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03819-2[00:20:36] Prediction-Powered Inferencehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09633[00:33:47] On Three-Layer Data Marketshttps://arxiv.org/abs/2402.09697[01:04:39] Conformal Prediction with Conditional Guaranteeshttps://arxiv.org/abs/2107.07511[01:04:51] A Tutorial on Conformal Predictionhttps://www.jmlr.org/papers/v9/shafer08a.html[01:06:00] E-Values Expand the Scope of Conformal Predictionhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13050[01:08:23] Computational Thinkinghttps://www.cs.cmu.edu/~CompThink/papers/Wing06.pdfother:[00:28:20] How Should the FDA Test?https://rdi.berkeley.edu/events/sbc-assets/pdfs/Summit%20session%20speaker%20slides%20submission%20form-s1-5%20%28File%20responses%29/Slides%20in%20PDF%20%28Please%20name%20the%20submitted%20file%20as%20_firstname_-_lastname_-slides.pdf%29.%20%28File%20responses%29/27-Michael%20Jordan-Session%20V.pdf#page=15[00:28:40] Michael I. Jordan Session V Slides<truncated, see ReScript link or YT VD>
• The AI Models Smart Enough to Know They're Cheating — Beth Barnes & David Rein [METR] 04.05.2026 1ч 53мин

  Beth Barnes and David Rein on the one graph that ate the AI timelines discourse, and why the two people who built it are the most careful about how you read it.**SPONSOR**Prolific - Quality data. From real people. For faster breakthroughs.https://www.prolific.com/?utm_source=mlstInterview: https://youtu.be/cnxZZTl1tkk---Beth Barnes and David Rein from METR on the one graph that ate the AI timelines discourse, and why the people who built it are the most careful about how it gets read.Beth founded METR after leaving OpenAI alignment. David is first author on GPQA and co-author on HCAST and the METR Time Horizons paper. Together they built the measurement Daniel Kokotajlo called the single most important piece of evidence on AI timelines: the log-linear line of "how long a task a frontier model can complete at 50% reliability" vs release date.The conversation opens on reward hacking. Current models can articulate in chat why a behaviour is undesired and then execute it anyway as agents. From there: construct validity, Melanie Mitchell's four-problem taxonomy, and the ARC-AGI 1-to-2 collapse as a worked example of adversarially-selected benchmarks regressing once labs target them. Beth's counter: METR deliberately does not adversarially select. David's: models do not have to do the right thing for the right reasons.Methodology, then specification — David's compiler analogy, Beth on four-month tasks as expensive to evaluate rather than unspecifiable. Then the SWE-bench reality check, the METR finding that half of passing PRs would not be merged, and Beth's horses-versus-bank-tellers analogy for the labour market.The close: monitorability, the coin-spinning boat, two-year recursive self-improvement, and Beth's line that "overhyped now" and "big deal later" are not correlated claims.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Intro00:02:06 Sponsor break: Prolific human-feedback infrastructure00:02:33 Welcome and the scalable oversight motivation00:06:02 Construct validity, benchmark pathologies and the Chollet worry00:15:45 Time Horizons: human time, HCAST tasks and the 50% logistic00:24:50 Is human difficulty really one variable?00:33:05 Agent harness evolution and the inference-compute dividend00:40:00 Scaffolding bells, token budgets and the credit-assignment problem00:44:15 Look at the damn graph: regularisation bug and reliability nuance00:50:00 Why 50%? Reliability, reward hacking and pizza-party transcripts00:55:20 Extrapolation risk and straight lines on graphs00:59:25 Software engineering as a specification acquisition problem01:07:40 Compilers also made ugly code: vibe-coding quality and Claude on METR Slack01:15:15 Strongest defensible claim, Carlini's compiler swarm and AI 202701:23:45 SWE-bench merge rates, the bank-teller analogy and horses01:31:45 Scheming, alignment faking and the mentalistic vocabulary problem01:40:45 Reward hacking, monitorability and chain-of-thought faithfulness01:45:25 Recursive self-improvement, knowledge vs intelligence and closingReScript: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/de3bb40cc02ee39fdf36e2c60366eb4d(PDF, refs, transcript etc)
• When AI Discovers The Next Transformer - Robert Lange (Sakana) 13.03.2026 1ч 18мин

  Robert Lange, founding researcher at Sakana AI, joins Tim to discuss *Shinka Evolve* — a framework that combines LLMs with evolutionary algorithms to do open-ended program search. The core claim: systems like AlphaEvolve can optimize solutions to fixed problems, but real scientific progress requires co-evolving the problems themselves.GTC is coming, the premier AI conference, great opportunity to learn about AI. NVIDIA and partners will showcase breakthroughs in physical AI, AI factories, agentic AI, and inference, exploring the next wave of AI innovation for developers and researchers. Register for virtual GTC for free, using my link and win NVIDIA DGX Spark (https://nvda.ws/4qQ0LMg)• Why AlphaEvolve gets stuck — it needs a human to hand it the right problem. Shinka tries to invent new problems automatically, drawing on ideas from POET, PowerPlay, and MAP-Elites quality-diversity search.• The *architecture* of Shinka: an archive of programs organized as islands, LLMs used as mutation operators, and a UCB bandit that adaptively selects between frontier models (GPT-5, Sonnet 4.5, Gemini) mid-run. The credit-assignment problem across models turns out to be genuinely hard.• Concrete results — state-of-the-art circle packing with dramatically fewer evaluations, second place in an AtCoder competitive programming challenge, evolved load-balancing loss functions for mixture-of-experts models, and agent scaffolds for AIME math benchmarks.• Are these systems actually thinking outside the box, or are they parasitic on their starting conditions? When LLMs run autonomously, "nothing interesting happens." Robert pushes back with the stepping-stone argument — evolution doesn't need to extrapolate, just recombine usefully.• The AI Scientist question: can automated research pipelines produce real science, or just workshop-level slop that passes surface-level review? Robert is honest that the current version is more co-pilot than autonomous researcher.• Where this lands in 5-20 years — Robert's prediction that scientific research will be fundamentally transformed, and Tim's thought experiment about alien mathematical artifacts that no human could have conceived.Robert Lange: https://roberttlange.com/---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction: Robert Lange, Sakana AI and Shinka Evolve00:04:15 AlphaEvolve's Blind Spot: Co-Evolving Problems with Solutions00:09:05 Unknown Unknowns, POET, and Auto-Curricula for AI Science00:14:20 MAP-Elites and Quality-Diversity: Shinka's Evolutionary Architecture00:28:00 UCB Bandits, Mutations and the Vibe Research Vision00:40:00 Scaling Shinka: Meta-Evolution, Democratisation and the Three-Axis Model00:47:10 Applications, ARC-AGI and the Future of Work00:57:00 The AI Scientist and the Human Co-Pilot: Who Steers the Search?01:06:00 AI Scientist v2, Slop Critique and the Future of Scientific Publishing---REFERENCES:paper:[00:03:30] ShinkaEvolve: Towards Open-Ended And Sample-Efficient Program Evolutionhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19349[00:04:15] AlphaEvolve: A Coding Agent for Scientific and Algorithmic Discoveryhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13131[00:06:30] Darwin Godel Machine: Open-Ended Evolution of Self-Improving Agentshttps://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22954[00:09:05] Paired Open-Ended Trailblazer (POET)https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.01753[00:10:00] PowerPlay: Training an Increasingly General Problem Solver by Continually Searching for the Simplest Still Unsolvable Problemhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1112.5309[00:10:40] Automated Capability Discovery via Foundation Model Self-Explorationhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07577[00:15:30] Illuminating Search Spaces by Mapping Elites (MAP-Elites)https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.04909[00:47:10] Automated Design of Agentic Systems (ADAS)https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.08435<trunc, see ReScript/YT>PDF : https://app.rescript.info/api/sessions/b8a9dcf60623657c/pdf/downloadTranscript: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/SDOD_3oXOcli3zTqcAtR8eibT5U3gam84oo4KRtI-Vk
• "Vibe Coding is a Slot Machine" - Jeremy Howard 03.03.2026 1ч 26мин

  Dive into the realities of AI-assisted coding, the origins of modern fine-tuning, and the cognitive science behind machine learning with fast.ai founder Jeremy Howard. In this episode, we unpack why AI might be turning software engineering into a slot machine and how to maintain true technical intuition in the age of large language models.GTC is coming, the premier AI conference, great opportunity to learn about AI. NVIDIA and partners will showcase breakthroughs in physical AI, AI factories, agentic AI, and inference, exploring the next wave of AI innovation for developers and researchers. Register for virtual GTC for free, using my link and win NVIDIA DGX Spark (https://nvda.ws/4qQ0LMg)Jeremy Howard is a renowned data scientist, researcher, entrepreneur, and educator. As the co-founder of fast.ai, former President of Kaggle, and the creator of ULMFiT, Jeremy has spent decades democratizing deep learning. His pioneering work laid the foundation for modern transfer learning and the pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm that powers today's language models.Key Topics and Main Insights Discussed:- The Origins of ULMFiT and Fine-Tuning- The Vibe Coding Illusion and Software Engineering- Cognitive Science, Friction, and Learning- The Future of DevelopersRESCRIPT: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/BhX5zP3b0m63srLOQDKBTFTooSzEMh_ARwmDG_h_izkJeremy Howard:https://x.com/jeremyphowardhttps://www.answer.ai/---TIMESTAMPS (fixed):00:00:00 Introduction & GTC Sponsor00:04:30 ULMFiT & The Birth of Fine-Tuning00:12:00 Intuition & The Mechanics of Learning00:18:30 Abstraction Hierarchies & AI Creativity00:23:00 Claude Code & The Interpolation Illusion00:27:30 Coding vs. Software Engineering00:30:00 Cosplaying Intelligence: Dennett vs. Searle00:36:30 Automation, Radiology & Desirable Difficulty00:42:30 Organizational Knowledge & The Slope00:48:00 Vibe Coding as a Slot Machine00:54:00 The Erosion of Control in Software01:01:00 Interactive Programming & REPL Environments01:05:00 The Notebook Debate & Exploratory Science01:17:30 AI Existential Risk & Power Centralization01:24:20 Current Risks, Privacy & Enfeeblement---REFERENCES:Blog Post:[00:03:00] fast.ai Blog: Self-Supervised Learninghttps://www.fast.ai/posts/2020-01-13-self_supervised.html[00:13:30] DeepMind Blog: Gemini Deep Thinkhttps://deepmind.google/blog/accelerating-mathematical-and-scientific-discovery-with-gemini-deep-think/[00:19:30] Modular Blog: Claude C Compiler analysishttps://www.modular.com/blog/the-claude-c-compiler-what-it-reveals-about-the-future-of-software[00:19:45] Anthropic Engineering Blog: Building C Compilerhttps://www.anthropic.com/engineering/building-c-compiler[00:48:00] Cursor Blog: Scaling Agentshttps://cursor.com/blog/scaling-agents[01:05:15] fast.ai Blog: NB Dev Merged Driverhttps://www.fast.ai/posts/2022-08-25-jupyter-git.html[01:17:30] Jeremy Howard: Response to AI Risk Letterhttps://www.normaltech.ai/p/is-avoiding-extinction-from-ai-reallyBook:[00:08:30] M. Chirimuuta: The Brain Abstractedhttps://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262548045/the-brain-abstracted/[00:30:00] Daniel Dennett: Consciousness Explainedhttps://www.amazon.com/Consciousness-Explained-Daniel-C-Dennett/dp/0316180661[00:42:30] Cesar Hidalgo: Infinite Alphabet / Laws of Knowledgehttps://www.amazon.com/Infinite-Alphabet-Laws-Knowledge/dp/0241655676Archive Article:[00:13:45] MLST Archive: Why Creativity Cannot Be Interpolatedhttps://archive.mlst.ai/read/why-creativity-cannot-be-interpolatedResearch Study:[00:24:30] METR Study: AI OS Developmenthttps://metr.org/blog/2025-07-10-early-2025-ai-experienced-os-dev-study/Paper:[00:24:45] Fred Brooks: No Silver Bullethttps://www.cs.unc.edu/techreports/86-020.pdf[00:30:15] John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programshttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/minds-brains-and-programs/DC644B47A4299C637C89772FACC2706A
• Evolution "Doesn't Need" Mutation - Blaise Agüera y Arcas 16.02.2026 55мин

  What if life itself is just a really sophisticated computer program that wrote itself into existence?Blaise Agüera y Arcas presenting at ALife 2025 — the most technically detailed public walkthrough of the ideas in his *What is Life?* and *What is Intelligence?* books that we've come across.He covers the BFF experiments (self-replicating programs emerging spontaneously from random noise), the mathematical framework connecting Lotka-Volterra population dynamics with Smoluchowski coagulation, eigenvalue analysis of cooperation matrices, and his central claim that symbiogenesis — not mutation — is the primary engine of evolutionary novelty.The experimental results are genuinely striking: complex self-replicating code arising from random byte strings with zero mutation, a sharp phase transition that looks like gelation, and a proof that blocking deep symbiogenetic ancestry trees prevents the transition entirely.A few things worth flagging for critical viewers:— The substrate is more carefully engineered than the framing sometimes suggests. The choice of language, tape length, interaction protocol, and step limits all shape what emerges. Their own SUBLEQ counterexample (where self-replicators *don't* arise despite being theoretically possible) highlights that these design choices matter substantially — and a general theory of which substrates support this transition is still missing.— The leap from "self-replicating programs on fixed-length tapes" to "life was computational and intelligent from the start" involves significant philosophical extrapolation beyond what the experiments directly demonstrate.— The Bedau et al. (2000) open problems paper he references at the start actually sets a higher bar for Challenge 3.2 than BFF currently meets: it asks that "the internal organization of these 'organisms' and the boundaries separating them from their environment arise and be sustained through the activities of lower-level primitives" — whereas BFF's tape boundaries are fixed by design, not emergent.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction: From Noise to Programs & ALife History00:03:15 Defining Life: Function as the "Spirit"00:05:45 Von Neumann's Insight: Life is Embodied Computation00:09:15 Physics of Computation: Irreversibility & Fallacies00:15:00 The BFF Experiment: Spontaneous Generation of Code00:23:45 The Mystery: Complexity Growth Without Mutation00:27:00 Symbiogenesis: The Engine of Novelty00:33:15 Mathematical Proof: Blocking Symbiosis Stops Life00:40:15 Evolutionary Implications: It's Symbiogenesis All The Way Down00:44:30 Intelligence as Modeling Others00:46:49 Q&A: Levels of Abstraction & Definitions---REFERENCES:Paper:[00:01:16] Open Problems in Artificial Lifehttps://direct.mit.edu/artl/article/6/4/363/2354/Open-Problems-in-Artificial-Life[00:09:30] When does a physical system compute?https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7979[00:15:00] Computational Lifehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2406.19108[00:27:30] On the Origin of Mitosing Cellshttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11541392/[00:42:00] The Major Evolutionary Transitionshttps://www.nature.com/articles/374227a0[00:44:00] The ARC genehttps://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/memory-gene-goes-viralPerson:[00:05:45] Alan Turinghttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/[00:07:30] John von Neumannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann[00:11:15] Hector Zenilhttps://hectorzenil.net/[00:12:00] Robert Sapolskyhttps://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-sapolsky---LINKS:RESCRIPT: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/ff7gb6HpezOR3DF-gr9-rCoMFzzEgUjLQK6voV5XVWY
• VAEs Are Energy-Based Models? [Dr. Jeff Beck] 25.01.2026 46мин

  What makes something truly *intelligent?* Is a rock an agent? Could a perfect simulation of your brain actually *be* you? In this fascinating conversation, Dr. Jeff Beck takes us on a journey through the philosophical and technical foundations of agency, intelligence, and the future of AI.Jeff doesn't hold back on the big questions. He argues that from a purely mathematical perspective, there's no structural difference between an agent and a rock – both execute policies that map inputs to outputs. The real distinction lies in *sophistication* – how complex are the internal computations? Does the system engage in planning and counterfactual reasoning, or is it just a lookup table that happens to give the right answers?*Key topics explored in this conversation:**The Black Box Problem of Agency* – How can we tell if something is truly planning versus just executing a pre-computed response? Jeff explains why this question is nearly impossible to answer from the outside, and why the best we can do is ask which model gives us the simplest explanation.*Energy-Based Models Explained* – A masterclass on how EBMs differ from standard neural networks. The key insight: traditional networks only optimize weights, while energy-based models optimize *both* weights and internal states – a subtle but profound distinction that connects to Bayesian inference.*Why Your Brain Might Have Evolved from Your Nose* – One of the most surprising moments in the conversation. Jeff proposes that the complex, non-smooth nature of olfactory space may have driven the evolution of our associative cortex and planning abilities.*The JEPA Revolution* – A deep dive into Yann LeCun's Joint Embedding Prediction Architecture and why learning in latent space (rather than predicting every pixel) might be the key to more robust AI representations.*AI Safety Without Skynet Fears* – Jeff takes a refreshingly grounded stance on AI risk. He's less worried about rogue superintelligences and more concerned about humans becoming "reward function selectors" – couch potatoes who just approve or reject AI outputs. His proposed solution? Use inverse reinforcement learning to derive AI goals from observed human behavior, then make *small* perturbations rather than naive commands like "end world hunger."Whether you're interested in the philosophy of mind, the technical details of modern machine learning, or just want to understand what makes intelligence *tick,* this conversation delivers insights you won't find anywhere else.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Geometric Deep Learning & Physical Symmetries00:00:56 Defining Agency: From Rocks to Planning00:05:25 The Black Box Problem & Counterfactuals00:08:45 Simulated Agency vs. Physical Reality00:12:55 Energy-Based Models & Test-Time Training00:17:30 Bayesian Inference & Free Energy00:20:07 JEPA, Latent Space, & Non-Contrastive Learning00:27:07 Evolution of Intelligence & Modular Brains00:34:00 Scientific Discovery & Automated Experimentation00:38:04 AI Safety, Enfeeblement & The Future of Work---REFERENCES:Concept:[00:00:58] Free Energy Principle (FEP)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_energy_principle[00:06:00] Monte Carlo Tree Searchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_tree_searchBook:[00:09:00] The Intentional Stancehttps://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262540537/the-intentional-stance/Paper:[00:13:00] A Tutorial on Energy-Based Learning (LeCun 2006)http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-06.pdf[00:15:00] Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes (VAE)https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114[00:20:15] JEPA (Joint Embedding Prediction Architecture)https://openreview.net/forum?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf[00:22:30] The Wake-Sleep Algorithmhttps://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/absps/ws.pdf<trunc, see rescript>---RESCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/DJlSbJ_Qx080q315tWaqMWn3PixCQsOcM4Kf1IW9_EoPDF:https://app.rescript.info/api/public/sessions/0efec296b9b6e905/pdf
• Abstraction & Idealization: AI's Plato Problem [Mazviita Chirimuuta] 23.01.2026 53мин

  Professor Mazviita Chirimuuta joins us for a fascinating deep dive into the philosophy of neuroscience and what it really means to understand the mind.*What can neuroscience actually tell us about how the mind works?* In this thought-provoking conversation, we explore the hidden assumptions behind computational theories of the brain, the limits of scientific abstraction, and why the question of machine consciousness might be more complicated than AI researchers assume.Mazviita, author of *The Brain Abstracted,* brings a unique perspective shaped by her background in both neuroscience research and philosophy. She challenges us to think critically about the metaphors we use to understand cognition — from the reflex theory of the late 19th century to today's dominant view of the brain as a computer.*Key topics explored:**The problem of oversimplification* — Why scientific models necessarily leave things out, and how this can sometimes lead entire fields astray. The cautionary tale of reflex theory shows how elegant explanations can blind us to biological complexity.*Is the brain really a computer?* — Mazviita unpacks the philosophical assumptions behind computational neuroscience and asks: if we can model anything computationally, what makes brains special? The answer might challenge everything you thought you knew about AI.*Haptic realism* — A fresh way of thinking about scientific knowledge that emphasizes interaction over passive observation. Knowledge isn't about reading the "source code of the universe" — it's something we actively construct through engagement with the world.*Why embodiment matters for understanding* — Can a disembodied language model truly understand? Mazviita makes a compelling case that human cognition is deeply entangled with our sensory-motor engagement and biological existence in ways that can't simply be abstracted away.*Technology and human finitude* — Drawing on Heidegger, we discuss how the dream of transcending our physical limitations through technology might reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of what it means to be a knower.This conversation is essential viewing for anyone interested in AI, consciousness, philosophy of mind, or the future of cognitive science. Whether you're skeptical of strong AI claims or a true believer in machine consciousness, Mazviita's careful philosophical analysis will give you new tools for thinking through these profound questions.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 The Problem of Generalizing Neuroscience00:02:51 Abstraction vs. Idealization: The "Kaleidoscope"00:05:39 Platonism in AI: Discovering or Inventing Patterns?00:09:42 When Simplification Fails: The Reflex Theory00:12:23 Behaviorism and the "Black Box" Trap00:14:20 Haptic Realism: Knowledge Through Interaction00:20:23 Is Nature Protean? The Myth of Converging Truth00:23:23 The Computational Theory of Mind: A Useful Fiction?00:27:25 Biological Constraints: Why Brains Aren't Just Neural Nets00:31:01 Agency, Distal Causes, and Dennett's Stances00:37:13 Searle's Challenge: Causal Powers and Understanding00:41:58 Heidegger's Warning & The Experiment on Children---REFERENCES:Book:[00:01:28] The Brain Abstractedhttps://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262548045/the-brain-abstracted/[00:11:05] The Integrated Action of the Nervous Systemhttps://www.amazon.sg/integrative-action-nervous-system/dp/9354179029[00:18:15] The Quest for Certainty (Dewey)https://www.amazon.com/Quest-Certainty-Relation-Knowledge-Lectures/dp/0399501916[00:19:45] Realism for Realistic People (Chang)https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/realism-for-realistic-people/ACC93A7F03B15AA4D6F3A466E3FC5AB7<truncated, see ReScript>---RESCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/A6cZ1TY35p8ORMmYCWNBI0no9ChU3-Kx7dPXGJURvZ0PDF Transcript:https://app.rescript.info/api/public/sessions/0fb7767e066cf712/pdf
• Why Every Brain Metaphor in History Has Been Wrong [SPECIAL EDITION] 23.01.2026 42мин

  What if everything we think we know about the brain is just a really good metaphor that we forgot was a metaphor?This episode takes you on a journey through the history of scientific simplification, from a young Karl Friston watching wood lice in his garden to the bold claims that your mind is literally software running on biological hardware.We bring together some of the most brilliant minds we've interviewed — Professor Mazviita Chirimuuta, Francois Chollet, Joscha Bach, Professor Luciano Floridi, Professor Noam Chomsky, Nobel laureate John Jumper, and more — to wrestle with a deceptively simple question: *When scientists simplify reality to study it, what gets captured and what gets lost?**Key ideas explored:**The Spherical Cow Problem* — Science requires simplification. We're limited creatures trying to understand systems far more complex than our working memory can hold. But when does a useful model become a dangerous illusion?*The Kaleidoscope Hypothesis* — Francois Chollet's beautiful idea that beneath all the apparent chaos of reality lies simple, repeating patterns — like bits of colored glass in a kaleidoscope creating infinite complexity. Is this profound truth or Platonic wishful thinking?*Is Software Really Spirit?* — Joscha Bach makes the provocative claim that software is literally spirit, not metaphorically. We push back on this, asking whether the "sameness" we see across different computers running the same program exists in nature or only in our descriptions.*The Cultural Illusion of AGI* — Why does artificial general intelligence seem so inevitable to people in Silicon Valley? Professor Chirimuuta suggests we might be caught in a "cultural historical illusion" — our mechanistic assumptions about minds making AI seem like destiny when it might just be a bet.*Prediction vs. Understanding* — Nobel Prize winner John Jumper: AI can predict and control, but understanding requires a human in the loop. Throughout history, we've described the brain as hydraulic pumps, telegraph networks, telephone switchboards, and now computers. Each metaphor felt obviously true at the time. This episode asks: what will we think was naive about our current assumptions in fifty years?Featuring insights from *The Brain Abstracted* by Mazviita Chirimuuta — possibly the most influential book on how we think about thinking in 2025.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 The Wood Louse & The Spherical Cow00:02:04 The Necessity of Abstraction00:04:42 Simplicius vs. Ignorantio: The Boxing Match00:06:39 The Kaleidoscope Hypothesis00:08:40 Is the Mind Software?00:13:15 Critique of Causal Patterns00:14:40 Temperature is Not a Thing00:18:24 The Ship of Theseus & Ontology00:23:45 Metaphors Hardening into Reality00:25:41 The Illusion of AGI Inevitability00:27:45 Prediction vs. Understanding00:32:00 Climbing the Mountain vs. The Helicopter00:34:53 Haptic Realism & The Limits of Knowledge---REFERENCES:Person:[00:00:00] Karl Friston (UCL)https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/1236-karl-friston[00:06:30] Francois Chollethttps://fchollet.com/[00:14:41] Cesar Hidalgo, MLST interview.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzpFOJRteeI[00:30:30] Terence Tao's Bloghttps://terrytao.wordpress.com/Book:[00:02:25] The Brain Abstractedhttps://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262548045/the-brain-abstracted/[00:06:00] On Learned Ignorancehttps://www.amazon.com/Nicholas-Cusa-learned-ignorance-translation/dp/0938060236[00:24:15] Science and the Modern Worldhttps://amazon.com/dp/0684836394<truncated, see ReScript>RESCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/CYy0ex2M2kvcVRdMnSUky5O7H7hB7v2u_nVhoUiuKD4PDF Transcript: https://app.rescript.info/api/public/sessions/6c44c41e1e0fa6dd/pdf Thank you to Dr. Maxwell Ramstead for early script work on this show (Ph.D student of Friston) and the woodlice story came from him!
• Bayesian Brain, Scientific Method, and Models [Dr. Jeff Beck] 31.12.2025 1ч 16мин

  Dr. Jeff Beck, mathematician turned computational neuroscientist, joins us for a fascinating deep dive into why the future of AI might look less like ChatGPT and more like your own brain.**SPONSOR MESSAGES START**—Prolific - Quality data. From real people. For faster breakthroughs.https://www.prolific.com/?utm_source=mlst—**END***What if the key to building truly intelligent machines isn't bigger models, but smarter ones?*In this conversation, Jeff makes a compelling case that we've been building AI backwards. While the tech industry races to scale up transformers and language models, Jeff argues we're missing something fundamental: the brain doesn't work like a giant prediction engine. It works like a scientist, constantly testing hypotheses about a world made of *objects* that interact through *forces* — not pixels and tokens.*The Bayesian Brain* — Jeff explains how your brain is essentially running the scientific method on autopilot. When you combine what you see with what you hear, you're doing optimal Bayesian inference without even knowing it. This isn't just philosophy — it's backed by decades of behavioral experiments showing humans are surprisingly efficient at handling uncertainty.*AutoGrad Changed Everything* — Forget transformers for a moment. Jeff argues the real hero of the AI boom was automatic differentiation, which turned AI from a math problem into an engineering problem. But in the process, we lost sight of what actually makes intelligence work.*The Cat in the Warehouse Problem* — Here's where it gets practical. Imagine a warehouse robot that's never seen a cat. Current AI would either crash or make something up. Jeff's approach? Build models that *know what they don't know*, can phone a friend to download new object models on the fly, and keep learning continuously. It's like giving robots the ability to say "wait, what IS that?" instead of confidently being wrong.*Why Language is a Terrible Model for Thought* — In a provocative twist, Jeff argues that grounding AI in language (like we do with LLMs) is fundamentally misguided. Self-report is the least reliable data in psychology — people routinely explain their own behavior incorrectly. We should be grounding AI in physics, not words.*The Future is Lots of Little Models* — Instead of one massive neural network, Jeff envisions AI systems built like video game engines: thousands of small, modular object models that can be combined, swapped, and updated independently. It's more efficient, more flexible, and much closer to how we actually think.Rescript: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/D-b494t8DIV-KRGYONJghvg-aelMmxSDjKthjGdYqsE---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction & The Bayesian Brain00:01:25 Bayesian Inference & Information Processing00:05:17 The Brain Metaphor: From Levers to Computers00:10:13 Micro vs. Macro Causation & Instrumentalism00:16:59 The Active Inference Community & AutoGrad00:22:54 Object-Centered Models & The Grounding Problem00:35:50 Scaling Bayesian Inference & Architecture Design00:48:05 The Cat in the Warehouse: Solving Generalization00:58:17 Alignment via Belief Exchange01:05:24 Deception, Emergence & Cellular Automata---REFERENCES:Paper:[00:00:24] Zoubin Ghahramani (Google DeepMind)https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3538441/pdf/rsta201[00:19:20] Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modelinghttps://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752[00:27:36] xLSTM: Extended Long Short-Term Memoryhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2405.04517[00:41:12] 3D Gaussian Splattinghttps://repo-sam.inria.fr/fungraph/3d-gaussian-splatting/[01:07:09] Lenia: Biology of Artificial Lifehttps://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05433[01:08:20] Growing Neural Cellular Automatahttps://distill.pub/2020/growing-ca/[01:14:05] DreamCoderhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2006.08381[01:14:58] The Genomic Bottleneckhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11786-6Person:[00:16:42] Karl Friston (UCL)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNYWi996Beg
• Your Brain is Running a Simulation Right Now [Max Bennett] 30.12.2025 3ч 17мин

  Tim sits down with Max Bennett to explore how our brains evolved over 600 million years—and what that means for understanding both human intelligence and AI.Max isn't a neuroscientist by training. He's a tech entrepreneur who got curious, started reading, and ended up weaving together three fields that rarely talk to each other: comparative psychology (what different animals can actually do), evolutionary neuroscience (how brains changed over time), and AI (what actually works in practice).*Your Brain Is a Guessing Machine*You don't actually "see" the world. Your brain builds a simulation of what it *thinks* is out there and just uses your eyes to check if it's right. That's why optical illusions work—your brain is filling in a triangle that isn't there, or can't decide if it's looking at a duck or a rabbit.*Rats Have Regrets**Chimps Are Machiavellian**Language Is the Human Superpower**Does ChatGPT Think?*(truncated description, more on rescript)Understanding how the brain evolved isn't just about the past. It gives us clues about:- What's actually different between human intelligence and AI- Why we're so easily fooled by status games and tribal thinking- What features we might want to build into—or leave out of—future AI systemsGet Max's book:https://www.amazon.com/Brief-History-Intelligence-Humans-Breakthroughs/dp/0063286343Rescript: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/R234b7AXyDXZusqQ_43KMGsUSvJ2TpSz2I3emnI6j9A---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction: Outsider's Advantage & Neocortex Theories00:11:34 Perception as Inference: The Filling-In Machine00:19:11 Understanding, Recognition & Generative Models00:36:39 How Mice Plan: Vicarious Trial & Error00:46:15 Evolution of Self: The Layer 4 Mystery00:58:31 Ancient Minds & The Social Brain: Machiavellian Apes01:19:36 AI Alignment, Instrumental Convergence & Status Games01:33:07 Metacognition & The IQ Paradox01:48:40 Does GPT Have Theory of Mind?02:00:40 Memes, Language Singularity & Brain Size Myths02:16:44 Communication, Language & The Cyborg Future02:44:25 Shared Fictions, World Models & The Reality Gap---REFERENCES:Person:[00:00:05] Karl Friston (UCL)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNYWi996Beg[00:00:06] Jeff Hawkinshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VQILbDqaI4[00:12:19] Hermann von Helmholtzhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermann-helmholtz/[00:38:34] David Redish (U. Minnesota)https://redishlab.umn.edu/[01:10:19] Robin Dunbarhttps://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/people/robin-dunbar[01:15:04] Emil Menzelhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/behavior-of-nonhuman-primates/vol/5/suppl/C[01:19:49] Nick Bostromhttps://nickbostrom.com/[02:28:25] Noam Chomskyhttps://linguistics.mit.edu/user/chomsky/[03:01:22] Judea Pearlhttps://samueli.ucla.edu/people/judea-pearl/Concept/Framework:[00:05:04] Active Inferencehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkR24ieh5OwPaper:[00:35:59] Predictions not commands [Rick A Adams]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23129312/Book:[01:25:42] The Elephant in the Brainhttps://www.amazon.com/Elephant-Brain-Hidden-Motives-Everyday/dp/0190495995[01:28:27] The Status Gamehttps://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58642436-the-status-game[02:00:40] The Selfish Genehttps://amazon.com/dp/0198788606[02:14:25] The Language Gamehttps://www.amazon.com/Language-Game-Improvisation-Created-Changed/dp/1541674987[02:54:40] The Evolution of Languagehttps://www.amazon.com/Evolution-Language-Approaches/dp/052167736X[03:09:37] The Three-Body Problemhttps://amazon.com/dp/0765377063
• The 3 Laws of Knowledge [César Hidalgo] 27.12.2025 1ч 37мин

  César Hidalgo has spent years trying to answer a deceptively simple question: What is knowledge, and why is it so hard to move around?We all have this intuition that knowledge is just... information. Write it down in a book, upload it to GitHub, train an AI on it—done. But César argues that's completely wrong. Knowledge isn't a thing you can copy and paste. It's more like a living organism that needs the right environment, the right people, and constant exercise to survive.Guest: César Hidalgo, Director of the Center for Collective Learning1. Knowledge Follows Laws (Like Physics)2. You Can't Download Expertise3. Why Big Companies Fail to Adapt4. The "Infinite Alphabet" of EconomiesIf you think AI can just "copy" human knowledge, or that development is just about throwing money at poor countries, or that writing things down preserves them forever—this conversation will change your mind. Knowledge is fragile, specific, and collective. It decays fast if you don't use it. The Infinite Alphabet [César A. Hidalgo]https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/458054/the-infinite-alphabet-by-hidalgo-cesar-a/9780241655672https://x.com/cesifotiRescript link. https://app.rescript.info/public/share/eaBHbEo9xamwbwpxzcVVm4NQjMh7lsOQKeWwNxmw0JQ---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 The Three Laws of Knowledge00:02:28 Rival vs. Non-Rival: The Economics of Ideas00:05:43 Why You Can't Just 'Download' Knowledge00:08:11 The Detective Novel Analogy00:11:54 Collective Learning & Organizational Networks00:16:27 Architectural Innovation: Amazon vs. Barnes & Noble00:19:15 The First Law: Learning Curves00:23:05 The Samuel Slater Story: Treason & Memory00:28:31 Physics of Knowledge: Joule's Cannon00:32:33 Extensive vs. Intensive Properties00:35:45 Knowledge Decay: Ise Temple & Polaroid00:41:20 Absorptive Capacity: Sony & Donetsk00:47:08 Disruptive Innovation & S-Curves00:51:23 Team Size & The Cost of Innovation00:57:13 Geography of Knowledge: Vespa's Origin01:04:34 Migration, Diversity & 'Planet China'01:12:02 Institutions vs. Knowledge: The China Story01:21:27 Economic Complexity & The Infinite Alphabet01:32:27 Do LLMs Have Knowledge?---REFERENCES:Book:[00:47:45] The Innovator's Dilemma (Christensen)https://www.amazon.com/Innovators-Dilemma-Revolutionary-Change-Business/dp/0062060244[00:55:15] Why Greatness Cannot Be Plannedhttps://amazon.com/dp/3319155237[01:35:00] Why Information Growshttps://amazon.com/dp/0465048994Paper:[00:03:15] Endogenous Technological Change (Romer, 1990)https://web.stanford.edu/~klenow/Romer_1990.pdf[00:03:30] A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction (Aghion & Howitt, 1992)https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7312037d-2b2d-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b/content[00:14:55] Organizational Learning: From Experience to Knowledge (Argote & Miron-Spektor, 2011)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228754233_Organizational_Learning_From_Experience_to_Knowledge[00:17:05] Architectural Innovation (Henderson & Clark, 1990)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200465578_Architectural_Innovation_The_Reconfiguration_of_Existing_Product_Technologies_and_the_Failure_of_Established_Firms[00:19:45] The Learning Curve Equation (Thurstone, 1916)https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/learningcurveequ00thurrich/learningcurveequ00thurrich.pdf[00:21:30] Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes (Wright, 1936)https://pdodds.w3.uvm.edu/research/papers/others/1936/wright1936a.pdf[00:52:45] Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find? (Bloom et al.)https://web.stanford.edu/~chadj/IdeaPF.pdf[01:33:00] LLMs/ Emergencehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11135Person:[00:25:30] Samuel Slaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Slater[00:42:05] Masaru Ibuka (Sony)https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/1-02.html
• "I Desperately Want To Live In The Matrix" - Dr. Mike Israetel 24.12.2025 2ч 55мин

  This is a lively, no-holds-barred debate about whether AI can truly be intelligent, conscious, or understand anything at all — and what happens when (or if) machines become smarter than us.Dr. Mike Israetel is a sports scientist, entrepreneur, and co-founder of RP Strength (a fitness company). He describes himself as a "dilettante" in AI but brings a fascinating outsider's perspective.Jared Feather (IFBB Pro bodybuilder and exercise physiologist)The Big Questions:1. When is superintelligence coming?2. Does AI actually understand anything?3. The Simulation Debate (The Spiciest Part)4. Will AI kill us all? (The Doomer Debate)5. What happens to human jobs and purpose?6. Do we need suffering?Mikes channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfQgsKhHjSyRLOp9mnffqVgRESCRIPT INTERACTIVE PLAYER: https://app.rescript.info/public/share/GVMUXHCqctPkXH8WcYtufFG7FQcdJew_RL_MLgMKU1U---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction & Workout Demo00:04:15 ASI Timelines & Definitions00:10:24 The Embodiment Debate00:18:28 Neutrinos & Abstract Knowledge00:25:56 Can AI Learn From YouTube?00:31:25 Diversity of Intelligence00:36:00 AI Slop & Understanding00:45:18 The Simulation Argument: Fire & Water00:58:36 Consciousness & Zombies01:04:30 Do Reasoning Models Actually Reason?01:12:00 The Live Learning Problem01:19:15 Superintelligence & Benevolence01:28:59 What is True Agency?01:37:20 Game Theory & The "Kill All Humans" Fallacy01:48:05 Regulation & The China Factor01:55:52 Mind Uploading & The Future of Love02:04:41 Economics of ASI: Will We Be Useless?02:13:35 The Matrix & The Value of Suffering02:17:30 Transhumanism & Inequality02:21:28 Debrief: AI Medical Advice & Final Thoughts---REFERENCES:Paper:[00:10:45] Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence (Dreyfus)https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2006/P3244.pdf[00:10:55] The Chinese Room Argument (John Searle)https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/searle.minds.brains.programs.bbs.1980.pdf[00:11:05] The Symbol Grounding Problem (Stephen Harnad)https://arxiv.org/html/cs/9906002[00:23:00] Attention Is All You Needhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762[00:45:00] GPT-4 Technical Reporthttps://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774[01:45:00] Anthropic Agentic Misalignment Paperhttps://www.anthropic.com/research/agentic-misalignment[02:17:45] Retatrutidehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37366315/Organization:[00:15:50] CERNhttps://home.cern/[01:05:00] METR Long Horizon Evaluationshttps://evaluations.metr.org/MLST Episode:[00:23:10] MLST: Llion Jones - Inventors' Remorsehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtePicx_kFY[00:50:30] MLST: Blaise Agüera y Arcas Interviewhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMSEqJ_4EBk[01:10:00] MLST: David Krakauerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY46YsGWMIcEvent:[00:23:40] ARC Prize/Challengehttps://arcprize.org/Book:[00:24:45] The Brain Abstractedhttps://www.amazon.com/Brain-Abstracted-Simplification-Philosophy-Neuroscience/dp/0262548046[00:47:55] Pamela McCorduckhttps://www.amazon.com/Machines-Who-Think-Artificial-Intelligence/dp/1568812051[01:23:15] The Singularity Is Nearer (Ray Kurzweil)https://www.amazon.com/Singularity-Nearer-Ray-Kurzweil-ebook/dp/B08Y6FYJVY[01:27:35] A Fire Upon The Deep (Vernor Vinge)https://www.amazon.com/Fire-Upon-Deep-S-F-MASTERWORKS-ebook/dp/B00AVUMIZE/[02:04:50] Deep Utopia (Nick Bostrom)https://www.amazon.com/Deep-Utopia-Meaning-Solved-World/dp/1646871642[02:05:00] Technofeudalism (Yanis Varoufakis)https://www.amazon.com/Technofeudalism-Killed-Capitalism-Yanis-Varoufakis/dp/1685891241Visual Context Needed:[00:29:40] AT-AT Walker (Star Wars)https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/All_Terrain_Armored_TransportPerson:[00:33:15] Andrej Karpathyhttps://karpathy.ai/Video:[01:40:00] Mike Israetel vs Liron Shapira AI Doom Debatehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaDWSPMdM4oCompany:[02:26:30] Examine.comhttps://examine.com/
• Making deep learning perform real algorithms with Category Theory (Andrew Dudzik, Petar Velichkovich, Taco Cohen, Bruno Gavranović, Paul Lessard) 22.12.2025 43мин

  We often think of Large Language Models (LLMs) as all-knowing, but as the team reveals, they still struggle with the logic of a second-grader. Why can’t ChatGPT reliably add large numbers? Why does it "hallucinate" the laws of physics? The answer lies in the architecture. This episode explores how *Category Theory* —an ultra-abstract branch of mathematics—could provide the "Periodic Table" for neural networks, turning the "alchemy" of modern AI into a rigorous science.In this deep-dive exploration, *Andrew Dudzik*, *Petar Velichkovich*, *Taco Cohen*, *Bruno Gavranović*, and *Paul Lessard* join host *Tim Scarfe* to discuss the fundamental limitations of today’s AI and the radical mathematical framework that might fix them.TRANSCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/LMreunA-BUpgP-2AkuEvxA7BAFuA-VJNAp2Ut4MkMWk---Key Insights in This Episode:* *The "Addition" Problem:* *Andrew Dudzik* explains why LLMs don't actually "know" math—they just recognize patterns. When you change a single digit in a long string of numbers, the pattern breaks because the model lacks the internal "machinery" to perform a simple carry operation.* *Beyond Alchemy:* deep learning is currently in its "alchemy" phase—we have powerful results, but we lack a unifying theory. Category Theory is proposed as the framework to move AI from trial-and-error to principled engineering. [00:13:49]* *Algebra with Colors:* To make Category Theory accessible, the guests use brilliant analogies—like thinking of matrices as *magnets with colors* that only snap together when the types match. This "partial compositionality" is the secret to building more complex internal reasoning. [00:09:17]* *Synthetic vs. Analytic Math:* *Paul Lessard* breaks down the philosophical shift needed in AI research: moving from "Analytic" math (what things are made of) to "Synthetic" math [00:23:41]---Why This Matters for AGIIf we want AI to solve the world's hardest scientific problems, it can't just be a "stochastic parrot." It needs to internalize the rules of logic and computation. By imbuing neural networks with categorical priors, researchers are attempting to build a future where AI doesn't just predict the next word—it understands the underlying structure of the universe.---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 The Failure of LLM Addition & Physics00:01:26 Tool Use vs Intrinsic Model Quality00:03:07 Efficiency Gains via Internalization00:04:28 Geometric Deep Learning & Equivariance00:07:05 Limitations of Group Theory00:09:17 Category Theory: Algebra with Colors00:11:25 The Systematic Guide of Lego-like Math00:13:49 The Alchemy Analogy & Unifying Theory00:15:33 Information Destruction & Reasoning00:18:00 Pathfinding & Monoids in Computation00:20:15 System 2 Reasoning & Error Awareness00:23:31 Analytic vs Synthetic Mathematics00:25:52 Morphisms & Weight Tying Basics00:26:48 2-Categories & Weight Sharing Theory00:28:55 Higher Categories & Emergence00:31:41 Compositionality & Recursive Folds00:34:05 Syntax vs Semantics in Network Design00:36:14 Homomorphisms & Multi-Sorted Syntax00:39:30 The Carrying Problem & Hopf FibrationsPetar Veličković (GDM)https://petar-v.com/Paul Lessardhttps://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-roy-lessard/Bruno Gavranovićhttps://www.brunogavranovic.com/Andrew Dudzik (GDM)https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-dudzik-222789142/---REFERENCES:Model:[00:01:05] Veohttps://deepmind.google/models/veo/[00:01:10] Geniehttps://deepmind.google/blog/genie-3-a-new-frontier-for-world-models/Paper:[00:04:30] Geometric Deep Learning Blueprinthttps://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13478https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIZB1hIJ4u8[00:16:45] AlphaGeometryhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08312[00:16:55] AlphaCodehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2203.07814[00:17:05] FunSearchhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06924-6[00:37:00] Attention Is All You Needhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762[00:43:00] Categorical Deep Learninghttps://arxiv.org/abs/2402.15332
• Are AI Benchmarks Telling The Full Story? [SPONSORED] (Andrew Gordon and Nora Petrova - Prolific) 20.12.2025 16мин

  Is a car that wins a Formula 1 race the best choice for your morning commute? Probably not. In this sponsored deep dive with Prolific, we explore why the same logic applies to Artificial Intelligence. While models are currently shattering records on technical exams, they often fail the most important test of all: **the human experience.**Why High Benchmark Scores Don’t Mean Better AIJoining us are **Andrew Gordon** (Staff Researcher in Behavioral Science) and **Nora Petrova** (AI Researcher) from **Prolific**. They reveal the hidden flaws in how we currently rank AI and introduce a more rigorous, "humane" way to measure whether these models are actually helpful, safe, and relatable for real people.---Key Insights in This Episode:* *The F1 Car Analogy:* Andrew explains why a model that excels at the "Humanities Last Exam" might be a nightmare for daily use. Technical benchmarks often ignore the nuances of human communication and adaptability.* *The "Wild West" of AI Safety:* As users turn to AI for sensitive topics like mental health, Nora highlights the alarming lack of oversight and the "thin veneer" of safety training—citing recent controversial incidents like Grok-3’s "Mecha Hitler."* *Fixing the "Leaderboard Illusion":* The team critiques current popular rankings like Chatbot Arena, discussing how anonymous, unstratified voting can lead to biased results and how companies can "game" the system.* *The Xbox Secret to AI Ranking:* Discover how Prolific uses *TrueSkill*—the same algorithm Microsoft developed for Xbox Live matchmaking—to create a fairer, more statistically sound leaderboard for LLMs.* *The Personality Gap:* Early data from the **Humane Leaderboard** suggests that while AI is getting smarter, it is actually performing *worse* on metrics like personality, culture, and "sycophancy" (the tendency for models to become annoying "people-pleasers").---About the HUMAINE LeaderboardMoving beyond simple "A vs. B" testing, the researchers discuss their new framework that samples participants based on *census data* (Age, Ethnicity, Political Alignment). By using a representative sample of the general public rather than just tech enthusiasts, they are building a standard that reflects the values of the real world.*Are we building models for benchmarks, or are we building them for humans? It’s time to change the scoreboard.*Rescript link:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/IDqwjY9Q43S22qSgL5EkWGFymJwZ3SVxvrfpgHZLXQc---TIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction & The Benchmarking Problem00:01:58 The Fractured State of AI Evaluation00:03:54 AI Safety & Interpretability00:05:45 Bias in Chatbot Arena00:06:45 Prolific's Three Pillars Approach00:09:01 TrueSkill Ranking & Efficient Sampling00:12:04 Census-Based Representative Sampling00:13:00 Key Findings: Culture, Personality & Sycophancy---REFERENCES:Paper:[00:00:15] MMLUhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300[00:05:10] Constitutional AIhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073[00:06:45] The Leaderboard Illusionhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20879[00:09:41] HUMAINE Framework Paperhttps://huggingface.co/blog/ProlificAI/humaine-frameworkCompany:[00:00:30] Prolifichttps://www.prolific.com[00:01:45] Chatbot Arenahttps://lmarena.ai/Person:[00:00:35] Andrew Gordonhttps://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-gordon-03879919a/[00:00:45] Nora Petrovahttps://www.linkedin.com/in/nora-petrova/Event:Algorithm:[00:09:01] Microsoft TrueSkillhttps://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/trueskill-ranking-system/Leaderboard:[00:09:21] Prolific HUMAINE Leaderboardhttps://www.prolific.com/humaine[00:09:31] HUMAINE HuggingFace Spacehttps://huggingface.co/spaces/ProlificAI/humaine-leaderboard[00:10:21] Prolific AI Leaderboard Portalhttps://www.prolific.com/leaderboardDataset:[00:09:51] Prolific Social Reasoning RLHF Datasethttps://huggingface.co/datasets/ProlificAI/social-reasoning-rlhfOrganization:[00:10:31] MLCommonshttps://mlcommons.org/
• The Mathematical Foundations of Intelligence [Professor Yi Ma] 13.12.2025 1ч 39мин

  What if everything we think we know about AI understanding is wrong? Is compression the key to intelligence? Or is there something more—a leap from memorization to true abstraction? In this fascinating conversation, we sit down with **Professor Yi Ma**—world-renowned expert in deep learning, IEEE/ACM Fellow, and author of the groundbreaking new book *Learning Deep Representations of Data Distributions*. Professor Ma challenges our assumptions about what large language models actually do, reveals why 3D reconstruction isn't the same as understanding, and presents a unified mathematical theory of intelligence built on just two principles: **parsimony** and **self-consistency**.**SPONSOR MESSAGES START**—Prolific - Quality data. From real people. For faster breakthroughs.https://www.prolific.com/?utm_source=mlst—cyber•Fund https://cyber.fund/?utm_source=mlst is a founder-led investment firm accelerating the cybernetic economyHiring a SF VC Principal: https://talent.cyber.fund/companies/cyber-fund-2/jobs/57674170-ai-investment-principal#content?utm_source=mlstSubmit investment deck: https://cyber.fund/contact?utm_source=mlst—**END**Key Insights:**LLMs Don't Understand—They Memorize**Language models process text (*already* compressed human knowledge) using the same mechanism we use to learn from raw data. **The Illusion of 3D Vision**Sora and NeRFs etc that can reconstruct 3D scenes still fail miserably at basic spatial reasoning**"All Roads Lead to Rome"**Why adding noise is *necessary* for discovering structure.**Why Gradient Descent Actually Works**Natural optimization landscapes are surprisingly smooth—a "blessing of dimensionality" **Transformers from First Principles**Transformer architectures can be mathematically derived from compression principles—INTERACTIVE AI TRANSCRIPT PLAYER w/REFS (ReScript):https://app.rescript.info/public/share/Z-dMPiUhXaeMEcdeU6Bz84GOVsvdcfxU_8Ptu6CTKMQAbout Professor Yi MaYi Ma is the inaugural director of the School of Computing and Data Science at Hong Kong University and a visiting professor at UC Berkeley. https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~yima/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XqLiBQMAAAAJ&hl=en https://x.com/YiMaTweets **Slides from this conversation:**https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/sbhbyievw7idup8j06mlr/slides.pdf?rlkey=7ptovemezo8bj8tkhfi393fh9&dl=0**Related Talks by Professor Ma:**- Pursuing the Nature of Intelligence (ICLR): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT-F0xSNSjo- Earlier talk at Berkeley: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TihaCUjyRLMTIMESTAMPS:00:00:00 Introduction00:02:08 The First Principles Book & Research Vision00:05:21 Two Pillars: Parsimony & Consistency00:09:50 Evolution vs. Learning: The Compression Mechanism00:14:36 LLMs: Memorization Masquerading as Understanding00:19:55 The Leap to Abstraction: Empirical vs. Scientific00:27:30 Platonism, Deduction & The ARC Challenge00:35:57 Specialization & The Cybernetic Legacy00:41:23 Deriving Maximum Rate Reduction00:48:21 The Illusion of 3D Understanding: Sora & NeRF00:54:26 All Roads Lead to Rome: The Role of Noise00:59:56 All Roads Lead to Rome: The Role of Noise01:00:14 Benign Non-Convexity: Why Optimization Works01:06:35 Double Descent & The Myth of Overfitting01:14:26 Self-Consistency: Closed-Loop Learning01:21:03 Deriving Transformers from First Principles01:30:11 Verification & The Kevin Murphy Question01:34:11 CRATE vs. ViT: White-Box AI & ConclusionREFERENCES:Book:[00:03:04] Learning Deep Representations of Data Distributionshttps://ma-lab-berkeley.github.io/deep-representation-learning-book/[00:18:38] A Brief History of Intelligencehttps://www.amazon.co.uk/BRIEF-HISTORY-INTELLIGEN-HB-Evolution/dp/0008560099[00:38:14] Cyberneticshttps://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262730099/cybernetics/Book (Yi Ma):[00:03:14] 3-D Vision bookhttps://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-21779-6<TRUNC> refs on ReScript link/YT
• Pedro Domingos: Tensor Logic Unifies AI Paradigms 08.12.2025 1ч 27мин

  Pedro Domingos, author of the bestselling book "The Master Algorithm," introduces his latest work: Tensor Logic - a new programming language he believes could become the fundamental language for artificial intelligence.Think of it like this: Physics found its language in calculus. Circuit design found its language in Boolean logic. Pedro argues that AI has been missing its language - until now.**SPONSOR MESSAGES START**—Build your ideas with AI Studio from Google - http://ai.studio/build—Prolific - Quality data. From real people. For faster breakthroughs.https://www.prolific.com/?utm_source=mlst—cyber•Fund https://cyber.fund/?utm_source=mlst is a founder-led investment firm accelerating the cybernetic economyHiring a SF VC Principal: https://talent.cyber.fund/companies/cyber-fund-2/jobs/57674170-ai-investment-principal#content?utm_source=mlstSubmit investment deck: https://cyber.fund/contact?utm_source=mlst—**END**Current AI is split between two worlds that don't play well together:Deep Learning (neural networks, transformers, ChatGPT) - great at learning from data, terrible at logical reasoningSymbolic AI (logic programming, expert systems) - great at logical reasoning, terrible at learning from messy real-world dataTensor Logic unifies both. It's a single language where you can:Write logical rules that the system can actually learn and modifyDo transparent, verifiable reasoning (no hallucinations)Mix "fuzzy" analogical thinking with rock-solid deductionINTERACTIVE TRANSCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/NP4vZQ-GTETeN_roB2vg64vbEcN7isjJtz4C86WSOhw TOC:00:00:00 - Introduction00:04:41 - What is Tensor Logic?00:09:59 - Tensor Logic vs PyTorch & Einsum00:17:50 - The Master Algorithm Connection00:20:41 - Predicate Invention & Learning New Concepts00:31:22 - Symmetries in AI & Physics00:35:30 - Computational Reducibility & The Universe00:43:34 - Technical Details: RNN Implementation00:45:35 - Turing Completeness Debate00:56:45 - Transformers vs Turing Machines01:02:32 - Reasoning in Embedding Space01:11:46 - Solving Hallucination with Deductive Modes01:16:17 - Adoption Strategy & Migration Path01:21:50 - AI Education & Abstraction01:24:50 - The Trillion-Dollar WasteREFSTensor Logic: The Language of AI [Pedro Domingos]https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.12269The Master Algorithm [Pedro Domingos]https://www.amazon.co.uk/Master-Algorithm-Ultimate-Learning-Machine/dp/0241004543 Einsum is All you Need (TIM ROCKTÄSCHEL)https://rockt.ai/2018/04/30/einsum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DrCq8Ry2cw Autoregressive Large Language Models are Computationally Universal (Dale Schuurmans et al - GDM)https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03170 Memory Augmented Large Language Models are Computationally Universal [Dale Schuurmans]https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.04589 On the computational power of NNs [95/Siegelmann]https://binds.cs.umass.edu/papers/1995_Siegelmann_JComSysSci.pdf Sebastian Bubeckhttps://www.reddit.com/r/OpenAI/comments/1oacp38/openai_researcher_sebastian_bubeck_falsely_claims/ I am a strange loop - Hofstadterhttps://www.amazon.co.uk/Am-Strange-Loop-Douglas-Hofstadter/dp/0465030793 Stephen Wolframhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkpDjd2nHgo The Complex World: An Introduction to the Foundations of Complexity Science [David C. Krakauer]https://www.amazon.co.uk/Complex-World-Introduction-Foundations-Complexity/dp/1947864629 Geometric Deep Learninghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIZB1hIJ4u8Andrew Wilson (NYU)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-jTeBCEGHcYi Mahttps://www.patreon.com/posts/yi-ma-scientific-141953348 Roger Penrose - road to realityhttps://www.amazon.co.uk/Road-Reality-Complete-Guide-Universe/dp/0099440687 Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach [Russel and Norvig]https://www.amazon.co.uk/Artificial-Intelligence-Modern-Approach-Global/dp/1292153962
• He Co-Invented the Transformer. Now: Continuous Thought Machines - Llion Jones and Luke Darlow [Sakana AI] 23.11.2025 1ч 12мин

  The Transformer architecture (which powers ChatGPT and nearly all modern AI) might be trapping the industry in a localized rut, preventing us from finding true intelligent reasoning, according to the person who co-invented it. Llion Jones and Luke Darlow, key figures at the research lab Sakana AI, join the show to make this provocative argument, and also introduce new research which might lead the way forwards.**SPONSOR MESSAGES START**—Build your ideas with AI Studio from Google - http://ai.studio/build—Tufa AI Labs is hiring ML Research Engineers https://tufalabs.ai/ —cyber•Fund https://cyber.fund/?utm_source=mlst is a founder-led investment firm accelerating the cybernetic economyHiring a SF VC Principal: https://talent.cyber.fund/companies/cyber-fund-2/jobs/57674170-ai-investment-principal#content?utm_source=mlstSubmit investment deck: https://cyber.fund/contact?utm_source=mlst—**END**The "Spiral" Problem – Llion uses a striking visual analogy to explain what current AI is missing. If you ask a standard neural network to understand a spiral shape, it solves it by drawing tiny straight lines that just happen to look like a spiral. It "fakes" the shape without understanding the concept of spiraling. Introducing the Continuous Thought Machine (CTM) Luke Darlow deep dives into their solution: a biology-inspired model that fundamentally changes how AI processes information.The Maze Analogy: Luke explains that standard AI tries to solve a maze by staring at the whole image and guessing the entire path instantly. Their new machine "walks" through the maze step-by-step.Thinking Time: This allows the AI to "ponder." If a problem is hard, the model can naturally spend more time thinking about it before answering, effectively allowing it to correct its own mistakes and backtrack—something current Language Models struggle to do genuinely.https://sakana.ai/https://x.com/YesThisIsLionhttps://x.com/LearningLukeDTRANSCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/crjzQ-Jo2FQsJc97xsBdfzfOIeMONpg0TFBuCgV2Fu8TOC:00:00:00 - Stepping Back from Transformers00:00:43 - Introduction to Continuous Thought Machines (CTM)00:01:09 - The Changing Atmosphere of AI Research00:04:13 - Sakana’s Philosophy: Research Freedom00:07:45 - The Local Minimum of Large Language Models00:18:30 - Representation Problems: The Spiral Example00:29:12 - Technical Deep Dive: CTM Architecture00:36:00 - Adaptive Computation & Maze Solving00:47:15 - Model Calibration & Uncertainty01:00:43 - Sudoku Bench: Measuring True ReasoningREFS:Why Greatness Cannot be planned [Kenneth Stanley]https://www.amazon.co.uk/Why-Greatness-Cannot-Planned-Objective/dp/3319155237https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhYGXYeMq_E The Hardware Lottery [Sara Hooker]https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.06489https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQFxbQ7ade0 Continuous Thought Machines [Luke Darlow et al / Sakana]https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.05522https://sakana.ai/ctm/ LSTM: The Comeback Story? [Prof. Sepp Hochreiter]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u2pW2zZLCs Questioning Representational Optimism in Deep Learning: The Fractured Entangled Representation Hypothesis [Kumar/Stanley]https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.11581 A Spline Theory of Deep Networks [Randall Balestriero]https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/balestriero18b/balestriero18b.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86ib0sfdFtw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3O2J3LMxqI On the Biology of a Large Language Model [Anthropic, Jack Lindsey et al]https://transformer-circuits.pub/2025/attribution-graphs/biology.html The ARC Prize 2024 Winning Algorithm [Daniel Franzen and Jan Disselhoff] “The ARChitects”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTX_sAq--zYNeural Turing Machine [Graves]https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.5401 Adaptive Computation Time for Recurrent Neural Networks [Graves]https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08983 Sudoko Bench [Sakana] https://pub.sakana.ai/sudoku/
• Why Humans Are Still Powering AI [Sponsored] 03.11.2025 24мин

  Ever wonder where AI models actually get their "intelligence"? We reveal the dirty secret of Silicon Valley: behind every impressive AI system are thousands of real humans providing crucial data, feedback, and expertise.Guest: Phelim Bradley, CEO and Co-founder of ProlificPhelim Bradley runs Prolific, a platform that connects AI companies with verified human experts who help train and evaluate their models. Think of it as a sophisticated marketplace matching the right human expertise to the right AI task - whether that's doctors evaluating medical chatbots or coders reviewing AI-generated software.Prolific: https://prolific.com/?utm_source=mlsthttps://uk.linkedin.com/in/phelim-bradley-84300826The discussion dives into:**The human data pipeline**: How AI companies rely on human intelligence to train, refine, and validate their models - something rarely discussed openly**Quality over quantity**: Why paying humans well and treating them as partners (not commodities) produces better AI training data**The matching challenge**: How Prolific solves the complex problem of finding the right expert for each specific task, similar to matching Uber drivers to riders but with deep expertise requirements**Future of work**: What it means when human expertise becomes an on-demand service, and why this might actually create more opportunities rather than fewer**Geopolitical implications**: Why the centralization of AI development in US tech companies should concern Europe and the UK
• The Universal Hierarchy of Life - Prof. Chris Kempes [SFI] 25.10.2025 40мин

  "What is life?" - asks Chris Kempes, a professor at the Santa Fe Institute.Chris explains that scientists are moving beyond a purely Earth-based, biological view and are searching for a universal theory of life that could apply to anything, anywhere in the universe. He proposes that things we don't normally consider "alive"—like human culture, language, or even artificial intelligence; could be seen as life forms existing on different "substrates".To understand this, Chris presents a fascinating three-level framework:- Materials: The physical stuff life is made of. He argues this could be incredibly diverse across the universe, and we shouldn't expect alien life to share our biochemistry.- Constraints: The universal laws of physics (like gravity or diffusion) that all life must obey, regardless of what it's made of. This is where different life forms start to look more similar.- Principles: At the highest level are abstract principles like evolution and learning. Chris suggests these computational or "optimization" rules are what truly define a living system.A key idea is "convergence" – using the example of the eye. It's such a complex organ that you'd think it evolved only once. However, eyes evolved many separate times across different species. This is because the physics of light provides a clear "target", and evolution found similar solutions to the problem of seeing, even with different starting materials.**SPONSOR MESSAGES**—Prolific - Quality data. From real people. For faster breakthroughs.https://www.prolific.com/?utm_source=mlst—Check out NotebookLM from Google here - https://notebooklm.google.com/ - it’s really good for doing research directly from authoritative source material, minimising hallucinations. —cyber•Fund https://cyber.fund/?utm_source=mlst is a founder-led investment firm accelerating the cybernetic economyHiring a SF VC Principal: https://talent.cyber.fund/companies/cyber-fund-2/jobs/57674170-ai-investment-principal#content?utm_source=mlstSubmit investment deck: https://cyber.fund/contact?utm_source=mlst— Prof. Chris Kempes:https://www.santafe.edu/people/profile/chris-kempesTRANSCRIPT:https://app.rescript.info/public/share/Y2cI1i0nX_-iuZitvlguHvaVLQTwPX1Y_E1EHxV0i9ITOC:00:00:00 - Introduction to Chris Kempes and the Santa Fe Institute00:02:28 - The Three Cultures of Science00:05:08 - What Makes a Good Scientific Theory?00:06:50 - The Universal Theory of Life00:09:40 - The Role of Material in Life00:12:50 - A Hierarchy for Understanding Life00:13:55 - How Life Diversifies and Converges00:17:53 - Adaptive Processes and Defining Life00:19:28 - Functionalism, Memes, and Phylogenies00:22:58 - Convergence at Multiple Levels00:25:45 - The Possibility of Simulating Life00:28:16 - Intelligence, Parasitism, and Spectrums of Life00:32:39 - Phase Changes in Evolution00:36:16 - The Separation of Matter and Logic00:37:21 - Assembly Theory and Quantifying ComplexityREFS:Developing a predictive science of the biosphere requires the integration of scientific cultures [Kempes et al]https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2209196121Seeing with an extra sense (“Dangerous prediction”) [Rob Phillips]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224009035 The Multiple Paths to Multiple Life [Christopher P. Kempes & David C. Krakauer]https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-021-10016-2 The Information Theory of Individuality [David Krakauer et al]https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2447Minds, Brains and Programs [Searle]https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/searle.minds.brains.programs.bbs.1980.pdf The error thresholdhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168170204003843Assembly theory and its relationship with computational complexity [Kempes et al]https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12176