CrashCourse

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• 
  Speciation: Of Ligers and Men - Crash Course Biology #15 04.10.2026 13мин

  Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.Table of Contents1) Species 0:302) Hybrids 1:523) Reproductive Isolation 2:48a) Post-Zygotic 3:31b) Pre-Zygotic 3:514) Allopatric Speciation 4:235) Sympatric Speciation 6:036) Biolography 6:327) Dogs 8:37This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by LuftrumCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  The Hidden Politics of Home: Crash Course Latin American Literature #8 04.10.2026 12мин

  Houses and homes occupy a lot of space in Latin American literature. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we make room for all the ways that our homes can represent who we are. Introduction: Home 00:00"The House on Mango Street" 0:23"La Casa de los Espíritus" 3:06"Las Malas" 6:42Review & Credits 8:26Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0To learn more, check out these videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh4I1hMvubU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb1_4FPtzrI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mVuM6OeT7whttps://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=PH_2g3yFvT6XhtW4https://youtu.be/yaeiCEro0iU?si=pmF-KqcG7NzRyk1xhttps://youtu.be/evUZ0MGseJY?si=Up3IjM1oZssSHE1_Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34 ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?: Crash Course World History #15 04.10.2026 15мин

  In which John Green teaches you about the Crusades embarked upon by European Christians in the 12th and 13th centuries. Our traditional perception of the Crusades as European Colonization thinly veiled in religion isn't quite right. John covers the First through the Fourth Crusades, telling you which were successful, which were well-intentioned yet ultimately destructive, and which were just plain crazy. Before you ask, no, he doesn't cover the Children's Crusade, in which children were provoked to gather for a Crusade, and then promptly sold into slavery by the organizers of said Crusade. While this story is charming, it turns out to be complete and utter hooey. Chapters:Introduction: The Crusades 00:00What Prompted the Crusades? 0:44The First Crusade 1:44An Open Letter to Animal Crackers 2:45What Motivated the Crusaders? 3:24The Third Crusade 6:20The Fourth Crusade 7:55What Did The Crusades Accomplish? 9:50Credits 10:50Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Crash Course World History Season 2: Outtakes v2 04.10.2026 8мин

  In which John Green says funny things while making Crash Course World History.Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Crash Course World History #218 04.10.2026 20мин

  In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Not to get all "great man," but Martin Luther changed all that. Martin Luther didn't like the corruption he saw in the church, especially the sale of indulgences, so he left the church and started his own. And it caught on! And it really did kind of change the world. The changes increased literacy and education, and some even say the Protestant Reformation was the beginning of Capitalism in Europe.Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  Crash Course Scientific Thinking Preview 04.10.2026 4мин

  Science is one of the best ways we have of understanding what’s going on around us. In Crash Course Scientific Thinking we’ll explore the foundational principles that underlie scientific thought. Course DescriptionIn 7 episodes, Crash Course Scientific Thinking will teach learners the foundational principles underlying scientific thought, pulling back the curtain on processes like peer review, interrogating what makes sources reliable (or not), unpacking how consensus is reached, and revealing how scientific understanding changes over time. Ultimately, learners will gain the ability to think more critically about the scientific information they encounter in their everyday lives. Series Objectives- Describe the dynamic, communal nature of science, articulating the roles of uncertainty and consensus.- Explain the role of peer review and replication in science.- Unpack the potential for bias and error in science and understand its self-correction mechanisms.- Understand the role of specialization in scientific expertise.- Interpret primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, and use lateral reading to verify claims.- Understand basic statistical language used to describe scientific findings.Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology #14 04.10.2026 16мин

  Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.Table of Contents:1) Natural Selection 1:272) Adaptation 2:563) Fitness 3:364) Four Principals 3:54a. Variations 4:01b. Heritability 4:17c. "The Struggle for Existence" 4:25d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:005) Biolography 5:596) Modes of Selection 7:40a. Directional Selection 8:17b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56c. Disruptive Selection 9:277) Sexual Selection 10:228) Artificial Selection 11:24References: http://curiosity.discovery.com/topic/ecology-and-evolution/10-examples-natural-selection.htmhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.htmlhttp://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/05/03/charles-darwins-family-tree-tangled-with-inbreeding-early-death/http://www.aibs.org/bioscience-press-releases/resources/Berra.pdfhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/Natural%20Selection/natural.htmhttp://www.irac-online.org/about/resistance/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_09.htmlhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_30This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:"20071104.forest.04.binaural.mp3" by dobroide"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBolandCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  Family, Power, and Legacy: Crash Course Latin American Literature #9 04.10.2026 15мин

  Families are personal—but they can also be political. In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll take a look at a 19th-century romance novel and poems about motherhood. But we’ll also compare two contemporary novels about growing up—and relating to the people who raised you.Introduction: Mi Pueblito 00:00Romance Novels 0:34"Iracema" 1:14Gabriela Mistral 3:18"I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter" 5:29"We the Animals" 7:57Review & Credits 10:15Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0To learn more, check out these videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7cOwQQDI7o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iUhttps://youtu.be/v6xi8_7Fy6Y?si=PH_2g3yFvT6XhtW4 https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=P4HnEqr1_rEP2YGvhttps://youtu.be/_wx8XooVlVs?si=g7sdCvl5zT_tRbr1Check out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34 ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14 04.10.2026 16мин

  John Green teaches you about the so-called Dark Ages, which it turns out weren't as uniformly dark as you may have been led to believe. While Europe was indeed having some issues, many other parts of the world were thriving and relatively enlightened. John covers European Feudalism, the cultural blossoming of the Islamic world, and the scientific and artistic advances in China, all during these "Dark Ages." Along the way, John will raise questions about the validity of Europe's status as a continent, reveal the best and worst years of his life, and frankly state that science and religion were once able to coexist.Chapters:Introduction: Europe 00:00Why are they called The Dark Ages? 0:50Feudalism in Medieval Europe 1:34Dar al Islam and the Umayyad Dynasty 3:55The Abbasids 4:42An Open Letter to Science and Religion 7:17Spanish Muslims in Cordoba 8:15China's Golden Age 9:12Credits 10:52Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Intro to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #37 04.10.2026 16мин

  We’ve talked about benzene a bit already in this series, but did you know that benzene rings are present in all kinds of familiar substances? The styrofoam packaging that comes with new appliances, some pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and even some explosives contain benzene. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll see how we can use electrophilic aromatic substitution to attach stuff to benzene rings like halogens, carbons, and more!Episode Sources:Rocke, A.J., 1985. Hypothesis and experiment in the early development of Kekule's benzene theory. Annals of Science, 42(4), pp.355-381.Martín, N. and Scott, L.T., 2015. Challenges in aromaticity: 150 years after Kekulé's benzene. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(18), pp.6397-6400.Stuttgart, G., 2018. Charles Friedel (1832–1899) And James Mason Crafts (1839–1917): The Friedel–Crafts Alkylation And Acylation Reactions. [online] Thieme.de. Available at: https://www.thieme.de/statics/bilder/thieme/final/en/bilder/tw_chemistry/CFZ-Synform-Charles-Friedel-James-Crafts-NRBio.pdfSeries Sources:Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014. Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.***Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, neil matatall, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
• 
  Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1 04.10.2026 16мин

  Ever fallen for fake news on social media because it felt real? Or found yourself afraid to go in the ocean after watching too many videos about sharks? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we explore how cognitive bias shapes the way we think about the world, and how scientific thinking can help us overcome it. Introduction: Earth as the Center 00:00Recognizing Patterns 0:44Common Cognitive Biases 2:44Overcoming Bias Through Science 6:02How to Combat Cognitive Bias 8:53Review & Credits 10:18Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, SpaceRangerWes, Dalton Williams, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Reed Spilmann, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  How Are Cities Organized? Crash Course Geography #46 04.10.2026 16мин

  Today we’re going to take a closer look at cities, examine how these large complex structures are organized, and identify patterns and differences in land use around the world. We'll begin with a quick recap of Central Place Theory, then we'll show you how the Concentric Zone Model can approximate the development of Chicago in the United States. Then, we'll take a closer look at colonial port cities, the development of industrial zones and financial districts, and the patchwork of immigrant communities that often developed around them in cities such as Boston in the United States. And finally, we will end our episode with a look at the layout of some North African cities that are in earthquake-prone areas with hot and dry climates such as in Fez, Morocco. SOURCESKnox and Marston 2016: Human Geography Place and Regions in a Global Context. 7th Edition. PearsonWhite et al 2008. Essentials of World Regional Geography 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill. Latham, A et al 2009. Key Concepts in Urban Geography. Sage Publications, Inc. Knox P.L and McCarthy L. 2012. Urbanization An Introduction to Urban Geography. 3rd Edition. Pearson Knox P and Pinch S. 2000. Urban Social Geography An Introduction. 4th Edition. Prentice HallPacione, M. 2001. Urban Geography A Global Perspective. RoutledgeFEZ Moroccohttp://www.urbanmorphologyinstitute.org/resources/sustainable-arabic-urban-design/https://www.britannica.com/place/Feshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Moroccohttps://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/Radoine.htm #CrashCourse #Geography #UrbanGeographyWatch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseTumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourseCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts - Crash Course Biology #13 04.10.2026 15мин

  Hank gets down to the nitty-gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.References:http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Meiosis/meiosis.htmhttps://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.htmlhttp://sun.menloschool.org/~dspence/biology/mit_meiosis/chapt11_15.htmlTable of Contents1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:102) Primary Oocytes 3:303) Primary Spermatocytes 3:304) Meiosis 2:595) Interphase I 4:046) Prophase I 4:37a) Crossover 5:05b) Recombination 5:057) Metaphase I 7:538) Anaphase I 8:059) Telophase I 8:1910) Prophase II 8:5711) Metaphase II 9:2312) Anaphase II 9:2813) Telophase II 9:32Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Statistical Thinking in Science: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #2 04.10.2026 15мин

  We’re all gonna die someday. But can statistics help us know when? In this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, we’ll learn how to interpret the statistics we see in our daily lives. And we’ll explore why we need stats to make informed judgments, be more precise about what we don’t know, and get closer to what we can know. Introduction: When Will I Die? 00:00Basic Statistics 0:44Confidence Intervals 4:14Relative & Absolute Risk 5:32Correlation vs. Causation 7:22Review & Credits 9:45Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kv2_mFsDxQURuFDxpflD45dy-pCxlqnM9iPSNYxigmQ/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.vk5i2fgqyumq***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars: Crash Course World History #13 04.10.2026 17мин

  In which John Green teaches you the history of Islam, including the revelation of the Qu'ran to Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, how the Islamic empire got its start, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and more. Learn about hadiths, Abu Bakr, and whether the Umma has anything to do with Uma Thurman (spoiler alert: it doesn't). Also, learn a little about the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how to tell if this year's Ramadan is going to be difficult for your Muslim friends. Let's try to keep the flame wars out of this reasoned discussion.Chapters:Introduction: Islam 00:00Origins of Islam 0:51The Quran 2:36The Five Pillars of Islam 3:24An Open Letter to the 72 Virgins 4:50Sharia Law 5:48Muhammad, Medina, and Mecca 6:27The First Caliph 7:41How did Islam spread? 9:26The Islamic Empire's Legacy 11:10Credits 12:18Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Central Nervous System: Crash Course Anatomy and Physiology #11 03.10.2026 13мин

  Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJChapters: Introduction: Broca's Aphasia 00:00Central Nervous System Structure & Function 1:48Brain Development: Neural Tube 3:27Brain Development: 3 Primary Vesicles 3:47Brain Development: 5 Secondary Vesicles 4:04Brain Development: Major Adult Brain Regions 4:18Brain Development: Cerebellum & Brain Stem 4:42Brain Development: Reptilian Brain 5:45Brain Development: Cerebral Hemispheres 6:35The Brain's Lobes 7:35Review 9:14Credits 9:48***Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids***Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:Creatrix TiaraDr. Sarah HinzmanCaroline HaasMason R NorrisAlton Toth of SecheltRodrigo GroppaSönkeRebecca KargerGregleAriana Flewelling (@EdTechAri) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Animals and Shapeshifters: Crash Course Latin American Literature #10 03.10.2026 13мин

  Fish and insects and dogs—oh my! In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll explore how all things fuzzy, buzzy, and ferocious can help us understand our own human nature. Introduction: Latin American Animals 00:00António Vieira 0:46Alejo Carpentier 3:34Pilar Quintana 6:27Review & Credits 8:54Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0To learn more, check out these videos:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyv-eJRRozs https://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=YKQw_pwoCFj1i5drhttps://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=pG_wBy4SXv07WiBZhttps://youtu.be/RzHbL0ByeLY?si=UB4lKEPd92WiOkOYJesuits: https://youtu.be/5A_o-nU5s2U?si=lQYJP7Z3qvsa6pneCheck out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34 ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated - Crash Course Biology #12 03.10.2026 14мин

  Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.References:http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/wifb-amm020812.phphttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/mitosis/mitosis.htmhttp://www.genome.gov/Images/press_photos/highres/97-300.jpghttp://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n1/fig_tab/nrm0101_072a_F1.htmlhttps://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?p=viewimage&id=33http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.htmlTable of Contents1. Mitosis 0:242. Interphase 3:27a) Chromatin 3:37b) Centrosomes 3:523) Prophase 4:14a) Chromosomes 4:18b) Chromatid 4:31c) Microtubules 5:074) Metaphase 5:22a) Motor Proteins 5:365) Biolography 6:136) Anaphase 9:007) Telophase 9:158) Cleavage 9:259) Cytokinesis 9:36This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron"Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3" by Percy DukeCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  How has technology influenced literature?: Crash Course Latin American Literature #11 03.10.2026 13мин

  Science and technology have existed in Latin America since well before Columbus arrived. But how have they impacted literature? In this episode of Crash Course Latin American Literature, we’ll trace technological developments from the calendars of the Maya to WWII’s weapons of mass destruction—and uncover the creative ways writers have responded to them.Introduction: A QR Poem 00:00STEM in Pre-Colonial Latin America 0:53"El Eclipse" 1:47Creacionismo & "Altazor" 2:31The Crack Movement 5:42"En Busca de Klingsor" 6:51Review & Credits 8:56Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eE7g4-k6PD7C6wNBzeJIO8GCDHpoJl8ldDjKyq_2yYg/edit?tab=t.0To learn more, check out these videos:https://youtu.be/NjEGncridoQ?si=2YRF1cm8oVVUzIdnhttps://youtu.be/dCBDUDwaeCA?si=LS1Whq_J_2MTZUPihttps://youtu.be/_XPZQ0LAlR4?si=GXluosRg_bZ2eHLg https://youtu.be/Objoad6rG6U?si=Muz0EIFL42c9JGdV https://youtu.be/Q78COTwT7nE?si=XQwXmgVwWyhuBct1https://youtu.be/NgVSHXOz3jI?si=O4b5n0yPA-Hg83Vehttps://youtu.be/w4q1fG1vh5I?si=Pl7LyUA7eaNQCcdmCheck out our CC Latin America Extra Curricular Playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPTzMxnHVWhrV8dUZM0qL34 ***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Mitch Gresko, Roger Harms, Brandon Thomas, Ken Davidian, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Johnathan Williams, Chelsea S, oranjeez, EllenBryn, Katrix , Evan Nelson, Shruti S, UwU, Leah H., Allison Wood, Thomas Sully, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, Quinn Harden, Chuck Smith, Andrew Woods, Kevin Knupp, Rie Ohta, Jason Terpstra, NassauLinda, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Gina Mancuso, Elizabeth LaBelle, DexcilaDou, Barbara Pettersen, SpaceRangerWes, Emily Beazley, David Fanska, Reed Spilmann, Pietro Gagliardi, Jason Rostoker, Toni Miles, Les Aker, Alex Hackman, Liz Wdow, Wai Jack Sin, team dorsey, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Koslow, John Lee, Triad Terrace, Duncan W Moore IV, Matt Curls, ClareG, Emily T, Kristina D Knight, Stephen McCandless, Barrett, Bernardo Garza, Katie Dean, Laurel Stevens, Ian Dundore, Thomas, Trevin Beattie, Steve Segreto, Joseph Ruf, Nathan Taylor, Constance Urist, Jason Buster, Stephen Akuffo, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Perry Joyce, Ken Penttinen, Tanner Hedrick, Scott Harrison, Jennifer Killen, Breanna Bosso, Alan Bridgeman, Siobhán, Krystle Young, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Samantha, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Erminio Di Lodovico, Luke Sluder, Caleb Weeks__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century: Crash Course World History #12 03.10.2026 16мин

  In which John Green teaches you about the fall of the Roman Empire, which happened considerably later than you may have been told. While the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarians in 476 CE, the Byzantines in Constantinople continued the Eastern Empire nicely, calling themselves Romans for a further 1000 years. Find out what Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine emperors were up to over there, and how the Roman Empire dragged out its famous Decline well into medieval times. In addition to all this, you'll learn about ancient sports riots and hipster barbarians, too. Chapters:Introduction: The Fall of Rome 00:00Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians at the Gates 0:30Why Did the Roman Empire Fall? Barbarians Inside the Gates 2:07An Open Letter to Pants 4:10Constantine and the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 5:10Comparing the Eastern & Western Roman Empires 6:57Emperor Justinian 8:08The Orthodox and Catholic Churches Split 10:38Credits 12:06Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices