The Crusades: Religion, Power, and Endless War — Fexingo History

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  The Byzantine Mercenaries of the Crusades 26.09.2026 8นาที

  While we often focus on the grand armies of knights and sultans, the Crusader states relied heavily on a different kind of warrior: the Varangian Guard. These Norsemen, later joined by Anglo-Saxons, served as the elite personal bodyguards to the Byzantine Emperors in Constantinople. But their story didn't end at the palace gates. As the Fourth Crusade sacked the city in 1204, these mercenaries found themselves fighting alongside the very Latin forces that destroyed their employer’s home. This episode explores the complex loyalties, the brutal efficiency of their axe-wielding tactics, and how a band of Vikings became entrenched in the political upheaval of the late 12th and early 13th centuries, blurring the lines between enemy and ally in the chaotic aftermath of the Crusades. #VarangianGuard #ByzantineEmpire #Crusades #NorseHistory #AngloSaxon #Constantinople #FourthCrusade #AlexiosIIIAngelos #LatinEmpire #Vikings #MedievalMercenaries #HagiaSophia #Comnenus #Palaiologos #ByzantineMilitary #NormanConquest #MiddleEastHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Venetian Crusade: How Greed Conquered Christendom 25.09.2026 5นาที

  In this episode, we trace the devastating Fourth Crusade, a journey that began as a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem but ended in the sack of Constantinople. We explore how Doge Enrico Dandolo manipulated the crusader army’s debt to Venice, leading them to first attack the Christian city of Zara and then turn their weapons on their fellow Orthodox Christians. Lucas and Luna discuss the political maneuvering behind Alexios IV Angelos, the betrayal by Pope Innocent III, and the permanent schism between the Catholic West and Orthodox East. This wasn't just a military failure; it was a collision of faith, finance, and imperial ambition that shattered the Byzantine Empire and reshaped the medieval world. #FourthCrusade #EnricoDandolo #Constantinople #ByzantineEmpire #Venice #LatinEmpire #AlexiosIVAngelos #PopeInnocentIII #SackOfConstantinople #ZaraSiege #HagiaSophia #Schism1054 #MedievalHistory #Crusades #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #MilitaryHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Mongol Crusade: When East Met West 24.09.2026 10นาที

  In the thirteenth century, a strange and unlikely alliance formed in the Middle East that historians have largely forgotten. As the Crusader states clung to survival along the Levantine coast, they found themselves squeezed between two expanding empires: the Ayyubids of Egypt and Syria, and the Mongol Ilkhanate sweeping west from Persia. This episode explores the diplomatic maneuvering of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia as they sought military partnerships with the Mongols against their common Muslim enemies. We look at the letters exchanged between Pope Alexander IV and the Mongol rulers, the failed negotiations with Hulagu Khan, and the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut where the Mongol advance was finally halted. Through the eyes of envoys like William of Rubruck and the political calculations of Bohemond VI, we see how religion, fear, and geopolitical necessity created a brief window for cross-cultural cooperation that ultimately collapsed when the Mamluks defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut. #MongolCrusade #HulaguKhan #AinJalut #Ilkhanate #BohemondVI #WilliamOfRubruck #LatinKingdom #ArmenianCilicia #PopeAlexanderIV #MamlukSultanate #Quitiya #GreatKhan #LevantineDiplomacy #ChristianMongolAlliance #FourthCrusadeAftermath #KnightsTemplarHistory #MedievalMiddleEast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Fifth Crusade's Failed Siege of Damietta 23.09.2026 8นาที

  In Episode 245, we turn our gaze to the Fifth Crusade’s most ambitious and disastrous campaign: the siege of Damietta in 1218. While earlier episodes covered the naval prowess of the Hospitallers and the political maneuvering of the Latin East, this episode focuses on the logistical nightmare and theological fervor that doomed the crusader army at the Nile Delta. We explore how a coalition of German, Austrian, and French forces captured the strategic port city only to be paralyzed by internal religious disputes over the Eucharist. Lucas and Luna examine the role of Pelagius of Albano, the papal legate whose rigid dogmatism overrode military strategy, leading to the catastrophic Battle of Al-Mansurah. You will hear about the desperate flight across the river, the loss of the True Cross relic, and how this failure reshaped the balance of power between the Ayyubids and the rising Mamluk threat. This is a story of faith clashing with geography, and idealism colliding with the harsh realities of desert warfare. #FifthCrusade #Damietta #PelagiusOfAlbano #BattleOfAlMansurah #AyyubidDynasty #CatholicChurch #Eucharist #NileDelta #LatinEast #PapalLegate #MedievalSiege #CrusaderHistory #EgyptianHistory #ReligiousConflict #MilitaryFailure #TrueCross #KingdomOfJerusalem #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Siege of Tripoli and the Fall of the Crusader States 22.09.2026 11นาที

  In this episode, we trace the final, desperate years of the County of Tripoli as it crumbled under the relentless pressure of the Mamluk Sultanate. Lucas and Luna explore how Count Bohemond VI navigated a precarious diplomatic tightrope between the Mongol Ilkhanate and the rising power of Baybars, the Mamluk Sultan who had already shattered the crusader spirit at Ain Jalut. We examine the siege of Tripoli itself in 1289, detailing the internal fractures within the city’s defenses, the betrayal by Genoese mercenaries, and the chaotic final days that saw the last major Latin stronghold in Syria fall. This is not just a story of military defeat, but of a political system that had become too fragmented to survive the unified might of Egypt and Syria. Through letters from Pope Honorius IV and eyewitness accounts, we reconstruct the human cost of the collapse, moving beyond the broad strokes of the Third Crusade to understand the granular reality of survival in Outremer. #BohemondVI #CountOfTripoli #MamlukSultanate #Baybars #SiegeOfTripoli #Outremer #LatinEast #MongolAlliance #Ilkhanate #AinJalut #GenoeseMercenaries #PopeHonoriusIV #CrusaderHistory #MedievalWarfare #SyriaHistory #LevantHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Last Crusader Castles: Krak des Chevaliers 21.09.2026 6นาที

  While most history books focus on the battles of the Third or Fourth Crusades, the final century of the Latin East was defined by stone. This episode explores the engineering marvels that held Outremer together for nearly two hundred years after the First Crusade. We examine how the Knights Hospitaller transformed the Krak des Chevaliers from a simple fortress into an impregnable naval base and military hub, defying sieges that would have crushed lesser defenses. Lucas walks us through the concentric walls, the hidden cisterns, and the daily life within these walls as they faced the relentless advance of the Mamluk Sultanate under Baybars. Luna asks about the human cost of maintaining these castles, leading to a discussion on the garrison's discipline, the role of women in the rear guard, and the psychological warfare used by both sides. The episode concludes with the fall of Antioch and the eventual surrender of the last strongholds, analyzing why these architectural wonders ultimately could not withstand the shifting tides of geopolitics and the sheer manpower of the Islamic counter-offensive. #KrakDesChevaliers #KnightsHospitaller #CrusaderCastles #Baybars #MamlukSultanate #Outremer #MedievalArchitecture #SiegeWarfare #ChristianEast #IslamicHistory #MilitaryEngineering #Levant #Acre #Antioch #ConcentricFortress #CisternDesign #GarrisonLife #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Knights Hospitaller's Last Stand at St. John's Gate 20.09.2026 9นาที

  For nearly two centuries, the Order of St. John held Rhodes against overwhelming odds, but their final chapter unfolded in Malta after the Ottoman siege of 1565. This episode explores how Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette transformed a barren island into an impregnable fortress through sheer will and engineering brilliance. We examine the tactical decisions during the Great Siege, the role of civilian defenders alongside slave soldiers, and the architectural legacy left behind in Valletta. From the initial bombardment by Suleiman’s massive fleet to the desperate defense of Fort St. Elmo, we trace the military strategies that turned the tide against the Islamic world’s greatest admirals. The narrative also delves into the political maneuvering within Europe, where papal support was slow and financial backing unreliable. By focusing on the human element—the fear, resilience, and unexpected alliances—we uncover how a small group of knights reshaped Mediterranean power dynamics. Listeners will discover the specific fortifications designed by Francesco Laparelli, the cultural synthesis of Maltese society under Hospitaller rule, and the lasting impact of this victory on European identity. Join us as we navigate the complex interplay of faith, survival, and statecraft in one of history’s most pivotal moments. #JeanParisotDeValette #MaltaSiege #KnightsHospitaller #OttomanEmpire #FortStElmo #Valletta #MediterraneanHistory #1565 #SuleimanTheMagnificent #TurgutReis #FrancescoLaparelli #MilitaryEngineering #CrusaderLegacy #MalteseCulture #BarbaryCoast #CatholicOrders #IslandDefense #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Mongol Crusade: When East Met West 19.09.2026 9นาที

  In 1260, the Mamluks defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut, but before that, a complex diplomatic web connected the courts of Europe and Persia. This episode explores the 'Mongol Crusades'—a series of envoys sent by King Louis IX of France, Pope Alexander IV, and other Western leaders to the Great Khan Möngke and later Hulagu Khan. We trace how European monarchs misread Mongol power, hoping for a joint pincer movement against Islam, while the Mongols sought military alliances and tribute. Through letters, gifts like the famous ivory tusks, and the journeys of travelers like William of Rubruck, we uncover a moment where religion and realpolitik collided. It wasn't just about holy war; it was about survival, trade routes, and the terrifying speed of the steppe empires. We examine the cultural misunderstandings, the failed negotiations, and the ultimate realization that the Mongols were neither Christians nor allies, but a force of nature that reshaped the medieval world. #MongolCrusades #AinJalut #WilliamOfRubruck #LouisIX #HulaguKhan #MöngkeKhan #PapalEnvoys #LatinEast #MamlukSultanate #IvoryTusks #SteppeEmpire #MedievalDiplomacy #FrankishHistory #Ilkhanate #PopeAlexanderIV #ChristianMongols #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Crusades: The Knights of St John and Malta 18.09.2026 9นาที

  We left the Templars behind in Paris, but another order survived the fall of Acre and built a naval empire from scratch. This episode explores the Knights Hospitaller’s transformation into the Order of Saint John, focusing on their strategic retreat to Rhodes and their eventual stronghold in Malta. We examine Grand Master Pierre d'Aubusson’s defense against Ottoman sieges, the complex politics of Mediterranean piracy, and how these warrior-monks navigated the tension between religious vows and statecraft. From the Battle of Preveza to the Great Siege of 1565 under Jean Parisot de Valette, we trace how a displaced military order became a sovereign power that reshaped the balance of forces in Europe and the Middle East for three centuries. #KnightsHospitaller #OrderOfSaintJohn #MaltaHistory #RhodesSiege #JeanParisotDeValette #PierreD Aubusson #OttomanEmpire #MediterraneanPiracy #BarbaryCorsairs #GreatSiegeOfMalta #MilitaryOrders #CrusaderLegacy #ByzantineSuccession #SuleimanTheMagnificent #SelimII #NavalHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Fourth Crusade's Bloody Betrayal of Constantinople 17.09.2026 8นาที

  In 1204, the Fourth Crusade didn't reach Jerusalem at all. Instead, it sacked Constantinople, the heart of Christendom and the largest city in Europe. This episode explores how a loan dispute with Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo turned a holy pilgrimage into a siege against fellow Christians. We trace the political maneuvering behind the scenes, from the claimant Alexios IV Angelos to the brutal looting of the Hagia Sophia. Lucas and Luna discuss why the crusaders broke their vows, what treasures were stolen, and how this event permanently fractured the relationship between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. It’s a story of greed, desperation, and irreversible historical damage. #FourthCrusade #Constantinople #EnricoDandolo #AlexiosIV #LatinEmpire #ByzantineEmpire #HagiaSophia #Venice #SackOf1204 #OrthodoxCatholicSchism #MedievalHistory #Crusades #HolyLand #MedievalPolitics #ReligiousWarfare #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AncientCities Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Crusader Castles: The Engineering of Survival 16.09.2026 6นาที

  In this episode, we explore the architectural ingenuity that allowed the Crusader states to survive for nearly two centuries against overwhelming odds. We examine how Frankish engineers adapted Byzantine and Islamic military techniques to build castles like Montfort and Belvoir in the rugged terrain of Outremer. Lucas and Luna discuss the strategic placement of these fortifications, the use of concentric walls, and the specific engineering challenges faced by a small European minority in the Levant. We look at how these structures were not just defensive shells but active centers of administration and agriculture. The conversation highlights key figures like Raymond III of Tripoli and the influence of master masons from both East and West. We also touch on the Mamluk siege tactics that eventually brought down these strongholds, including the use of trebuchets and mining operations. This is a deep dive into the stone and mortar that defined the Crusader presence in the Middle East. #Crusades #FexingoHistory #MedievalArchitecture #Outremer #KnightsTemplar #Mamluks #MontfortCastle #BelvoirFortress #MilitaryHistory #Levant #ByzantineEmpire #IslamicEngineering #SiegeWarfare #CrusaderStates #MedievalCastles #RichardTheLionheart #Saladin #HistoryPodcast #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Crusader’s Compass: Navigating the Unknown 15.09.2026 7นาที

  While we often focus on the swords and sieges of the Latin East, the Crusaders’ survival depended as much on their maps as their armor. This episode explores the vibrant intellectual life of Acre in the thirteenth century, where European knights rubbed shoulders with Arab scholars, Jewish physicians, and Byzantine monks. We examine how the city became a crossroads of knowledge, hosting the first translations of Aristotle in the West and fostering a unique vernacular known as Levantine French. Through the eyes of travelers like John of Montcorvo and the administrative records of the commune, we uncover a world where science, religion, and commerce intertwined in unexpected ways. Discover how the Crusader states preserved ancient Greek texts that would later fuel the Renaissance, and why the library of Acre was considered one of the great wonders of the medieval world. From the bustling markets to the quiet scriptoria, this is the story of how ideas conquered when armies could not. #Acre #CrusaderStates #LevantineFrench #MedievalScience #LatinEast #Outremer #IbnSina #Avicenna #AristotleTranslations #JohnOfMontcorvo #ThirteenthCentury #IslamicGoldenAge #RenaissancePrecursors #MamlukHistory #KnightsTemplar #Hospitallers #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Assassins of Alamut: Ismaili Secrets in the Crusades 14.09.2026 6นาที

  We explore the enigmatic Order of Assassins, led by Hasan-i Sabbah, who carved out a network of mountain fortresses like Alamut from the chaos of the Seljuk and Fatimid conflicts. This episode details how their tactics shifted the balance of power in the Levant, terrifying Crusader leaders and Muslim sultans alike with precision political eliminations rather than battlefield conquests. We examine the legend of the Paradise Garden versus the historical reality of Nizari Ismaili doctrine, the role of Rashid ad-Din Sinan during the Third Crusade, and why Richard the Lionheart ultimately chose diplomacy over war against this elusive enemy. From the steep peaks of Persia to the castles of Syria, we uncover how a small sect influenced global history through fear, intelligence, and strategic isolation. #Hasan-i-Sabbah #Alamut #Nizari-Ismailis #Assassins #Rashid-ad-Din-Sinan #Third-Crusade #Richard-the-Lionheart #Seljuk-Empire #Fatimid-Caliphate #Medieval-Spycraft #Levant-History #Crusader-Era #Ismaili-Doctrine #Mountain-Fortresses #Political-Assassination #Middle-East-History #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Crusader Castles: The Engineering of Survival in the Latin East 13.09.2026 6นาที

  In Episode 235, we explore the architectural ingenuity that allowed a scattered network of European settlers to hold the Levant for nearly two centuries. While earlier episodes covered battles and diplomacy, this conversation focuses on the stone itself: how the Crusaders adapted Byzantine and Islamic fortification techniques to create a defensive grid that baffled attackers for generations. We examine the strategic placement of castles like Montfort and Belvoir, designed not just as residences but as mobile military hubs that controlled water sources and trade routes. Lucas walks us through the specific engineering feats, such as deep cisterns and angled walls, while Luna asks how these structures functioned in daily life and why their design ultimately could not stop the Mamluk conquest. This episode delves into the silent war of attrition fought in mortar and limestone, revealing how geography and masonry shaped the fate of Outremer. #Crusades #FexingoHistory #MedievalArchitecture #CastlesOfJerusalem #MontfortCastle #BelvoirCastle #Outremer #MamlukConquest #MilitaryEngineering #ByzantineDefense #IslamicFortifications #TemplarStrongholds #HospitallerCastles #LevantHistory #StoneFortress #CrusaderStates #MedievalWarfare #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Crusader Monks: The Hidden Life of Knights Templar 12.09.2026 8นาที

  We often picture the Knights Templar as armored warriors marching into battle, but their daily existence was defined by silence, prayer, and strict vows. This episode explores the monastic rules that governed the Order, from the liturgical hours they observed in stone chapels to the prohibition on speaking with women or handling money directly. Through the writings of Bernard of Clairvaux and the testimony at their trial, we uncover how these warrior-monks balanced violence with piety, creating a unique hybrid institution that shocked medieval Europe. We examine specific rituals like the reception ceremony, the dietary restrictions imposed during sieges, and the psychological toll of combining martial duty with religious asceticism. Discover why their internal discipline made them so effective militarily and how their rigid structure eventually contributed to their dramatic downfall under Philip IV. #KnightsTemplar #MedievalMonasticism #BernardOfClairvaux #RuleOfStAugustine #AcreHistory #MilitiaChristi #ChivalricOrders #ReligiousVows #MedievalSpirituality #PhilipIVFrance #TrialOfTheTemplars #CistercianOrder #HolyLandChronicles #WarriorMonks #MedievalMilitaryHistory #Outremer #LatinEast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Mamluk Military Machine: How Slave Soldiers Conquered the Crusaders 11.09.2026 6นาที

  This episode explores the rise of the Mamluk Sultanate, a military dynasty founded by enslaved Turkic and Circassian soldiers who rose to rule Egypt and Syria. We examine how the Abbasid Caliphate began importing these warriors as elite guards in the ninth century, creating a class that eventually seized power for itself. The narrative focuses on the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, where Mamluk forces halted the Mongol advance into the Middle East, cementing their reputation as the greatest cavalry of the medieval era. We also look at the internal politics of the Bahri and Burji dynasties, the rigorous education system known as the Khususiyya, and the complex relationship between these slave-soldiers and the religious institutions they patronized. By tracing the journey from captured boy to sultan, we uncover how a system designed to create loyal servants became the most powerful political force in the Islamic world, ultimately driving the last Crusader states from the Levant. #Mamluk #AinJalut #Baybars #Qutuz #BahriDynasty #BurjiDynasty #Circassians #TurkicSlaves #MedievalMilitary #IslamicHistory #Crusades #MongolInvasions #EgyptianHistory #SyrianHistory #SlaveSoldiers #HulaguKhan #Kitbuqa #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Crusader States' Lost Economy: Coinage and Trade 10.09.2026 5นาที

  While we have covered the great sieges, the political marriages, and the military orders of the Latin East, we rarely pause to examine the daily mechanics of survival: money. This episode explores how the Crusader states forged a functional economy in a land of constant warfare. We look at the unique coinage issued by Baldwin I and Melisende, the crucial role of Italian maritime republics like Genoa and Venice in stabilizing trade, and the complex legal frameworks that allowed Muslim, Jewish, and Christian merchants to operate side-by-side. From the bustling markets of Acre to the minting presses in Jerusalem, we uncover how economic interdependence often held the region together longer than any army could. Join us as we dig into the ledgers and silver dirhams that kept Outremer alive. #CrusaderEconomy #OutremerHistory #MedievalCoinage #BaldwinI #MelisendeOfJerusalem #GenoeseTrade #VenetianMerchants #LatinEast #AcreMarket #DirhamMinting #MedievalLaw #InterfaithTrade #MaritimeRepublics #ByzantineEconomics #SaladinEconomy #CrusaderStates #MedievalMoney #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Mamluks: Slave Soldiers Who Conquered the Crusaders 09.09.2026 10นาที

  This episode explores the rise of the Mamluk Sultanate, a military caste of slave soldiers that would ultimately destroy the Crusader states. We trace their origins in the Abbasid Caliphate and their transformation under the Ayyubids, focusing on key figures like Baybars and Qutuz. The narrative covers the Battle of Ain Jalut, where Mongol expansion was halted, and details the brutal but effective siege warfare that led to the fall of Acre in 1291. Through the lens of these warrior-slaves, we examine how social mobility, religious fervor, and political intrigue shaped the final century of Latin presence in the Levant. #MamlukSultanate #Baybars #Qutuz #AinJalut #FallOfAcre #CrusaderHistory #MedievalMilitary #SlaveSoldiers #IslamicHistory #Levant #MiddleEastHistory #BattlesOfTheCrusades #AyyubidDynasty #MongolInvasions #TemplarHistory #Hospitallers #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Day Crusaders and Muslims Traded: The Treaty of Jaffa 08.09.2026 10นาที

  After the Third Crusade, Europe expected a grand reconquest of Jerusalem. Instead, Richard the Lionheart signed a peace treaty with Saladin’s brother that left the holy city in Muslim hands but guaranteed safe passage for Christian pilgrims. This episode explores the Treaty of Jaffa, a pragmatic diplomatic solution that defied the religious fervor of both sides. We look at how Richard, exhausted by years of campaigning and facing political unrest in Europe, chose survival over symbolic victory. Meanwhile, Sultan al-Adil managed his empire’s stability by accepting a status quo that preserved trade routes and prevented further devastation. Through the eyes of chroniclers like Ibn al-Athir and William of Tyre, we see the human reality behind the propaganda: soldiers from both faiths sharing meals, merchants trading freely, and kings who understood that war had reached its limit. This is the story of when enemies sat at the same table, not as foes, but as neighbors forced to coexist. #TreatyOfJaffa #RichardLionheart #Saladin #ThirdCrusade #AlAdil #Jerusalem #MedievalHistory #Crusades #IslamicHistory #Diplomacy #MiddleEastHistory #MilitaryHistory #PeaceTreaties #AyyubidDynasty #Plantagenet #HenryIIsSuccession #PilgrimageRights #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Forgotten Genoa: Venice's Rival in the Crusades 07.09.2026 13นาที

  While history remembers Venice as the dominant maritime power behind the Fourth Crusade, the Republic of Genoa was its fierce and often overlooked rival. This episode explores how Genoese merchants, sailors, and soldiers shaped the Latin East alongside their Venetian counterparts, competing for trade privileges in Acre, Tyre, and Antioch. We examine the complex diplomatic dance between these two Italian city-states and the Crusader states they helped sustain, revealing a world where economic rivalry sometimes overshadowed religious unity. Through the lens of the Treaty of Ninus and the naval battles of the Mediterranean, we uncover how Genoa’s strategic alliances with figures like Bohemond III of Antioch and later the Mamluks altered the balance of power in the Levant. Listen to discover why Genoa’s decline was not just a result of military defeat but a consequence of shifting global trade routes and internal political fractures. From the bustling docks of Acre to the fortified walls of Caffa, this story highlights the crucial role of commerce in medieval warfare and diplomacy. #Genoa #Venice #FourthCrusade #LatinEast #MedievalTrade #MaritimeRepublics #AcreHistory #BohemondIII #TreatyOfNinus #MamlukSultanate #Caffa #LevantCommerce #CrusaderNavalPower #ItalianCityStates #13thCenturyHistory #MedievalDiplomacy #Outremer #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo