The Story of Madagascar: Isolation, Kingdoms, and Colonial Rule — Fexingo History

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  The Zafimaniry: Carving Madagascar’s Soul 27.09.2026 8นาที

  We left the Merina kingdom’s iron and politics behind to look at a different kind of power—one carved from wood. In this episode, we travel to the central highlands to meet the Zafimaniry artisans, whose intricate joinery turned homes into sacred texts without a single nail. We explore how their craft survived colonial attempts to erase it, the spiritual weight of their fady taboos, and why these wooden masterpieces are now facing extinction in a modernizing world. This is a story about silence, precision, and the enduring beauty of a culture that built its identity one joint at a time. #Zafimaniry #MadagascarHistory #Woodcarving #TraditionalCrafts #FexingoHistory #EastAfrica #MerinaKingdom #CulturalHeritage #Joinery #Fady #ColonialImpact #Antsirabe #CentralHighlands #ArtisanCulture #Preservation #IndigenousArt #HistoryPodcast #Humanities Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Dinar and the Crown: Madagascar’s Silver Economy 26.09.2026 7นาที

  In this episode, we explore the unexpected economic modernization of the Merina Kingdom under King Radama I in the early 19th century. While previous episodes focused on military conquest and religious upheaval, we zoom in on the financial machinery that funded them. We discuss the introduction of the Malagasy dinar, a silver coinage system inspired by European models but adapted for local trade networks. Lucas and Luna trace how Radama I partnered with British merchants from Zanzibar and Mauritius to establish a mint in Antananarivo. You will hear about the specific exchange rates used, the role of the hova class in managing these new fiscal policies, and how the influx of foreign currency disrupted traditional barter systems based on zebu cattle and cloth. We also examine the political tension this created within the royal court, as traditionalists viewed the devaluation of ancestral wealth as a threat to cultural sovereignty. The conversation covers the brief lifespan of this monetary experiment before it was dismantled by Ranavalona I’s isolationist policies. Through detailed analysis of trade records and missionary accounts, we reconstruct a side of Madagascar’s history rarely discussed: its attempt to integrate into the global capitalist economy of the 1820s. #MerinaKingdom #RadamaI #MalagasyHistory #SilverCoinage #Antananarivo #ZanzibarTrade #RanavalonaI #Fanompoana #HovaNobles #EastAfricanHistory #ColonialEconomics #IslandStates #19thCenturyAfrica #MonetaryPolicy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #IndianOceanTrade #BritishMerchants Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Madagascar's Iron Curtain: Radama I's Military Revolution 25.09.2026 8นาที

  We often think of Madagascar’s unification as a story of diplomacy or divine right, but under King Radama I in the early nineteenth century, it was forged by steel and gunpowder. This episode explores how Radama transformed the Merina Kingdom’s military from a feudal levy into a professional standing army equipped with modern European firearms. We look at his pivotal relationship with British officer William Campbell, who helped train the first regular regiments in Antananarivo, and the strategic shift that allowed the Merina to conquer the Sakalava kingdoms in the west and the Betsileo territories in the south. You will hear about the controversial introduction of foreign weapons, the logistical nightmare of supplying a large standing army through the fanompoana labor system, and how this militarization fundamentally altered the social fabric of the island. While previous episodes covered the spiritual authority of the sampy and the rigid class structure of the Andriana, here we focus on the hard power that made those structures enforceable across the entire island. From the armories of Ambohimanga to the battlefields of Mahajanga, discover how a small highland kingdom became an imperial power through sheer industrial and tactical innovation. #RadamaI #MerinaKingdom #WilliamCampbell #Fanompoana #MalagasyHistory #EastAfricaHistory #ColonialMadagascar #MilitaryHistory #Antananarivo #Sakalava #Betsileo #GunpowderEmpire #IslandEmpire #19thCenturyAfrica #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #IndianOceanTrade #AfricanKingdoms Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Zafimaniry: Madagascar's Carving Masters 24.09.2026 8นาที

  Episode 240 shifts focus from the political machinations of the Merina court to the artistic and spiritual heartland of the Central Highlands: the village of Zafimaniry. While previous episodes explored the iron curtains and royal edicts of Antananarivo, this story dives into a UNESCO-recognized community where woodcarving is not merely decoration but a sacred language. We explore how these artisans used intricate geometric patterns to map their relationship with ancestors and the natural world, turning every doorpost, pillar, and raft into a text of protection. Lucas and Luna examine the specific motifs—the spiral of life, the zigzag of rain—and discuss why this craft survived French colonization and modernization when so many other traditions did. It is a tale of resilience encoded in cedar and rosewood, revealing how aesthetics can serve as both armor and prayer in a changing world. #Zafimaniry #MadagascarHistory #Woodcarving #UNESCO #MerinaCulture #Antananarivo #CentralHighlands #AfricanArt #ColonialImpact #Andriana #SacredGeometry #Rosewood #Cedar #Fady #Ombiasy #FexingoHistory #EastAfrica #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Saffron Truce: How Madagascar Evaded the Scramble 23.09.2026 11นาที

  While European powers carved up Africa in the late nineteenth century, one island nation stood apart. In this episode, we explore the diplomatic and military strategies that allowed Madagascar to maintain its sovereignty longer than almost any other African territory. We look at Queen Ranavalona III’s final years, the complex web of treaties with France and Britain, and the internal resistance led by figures like Rainilaiarivony. From the iron-clad reforms of Radama I to the cultural preservation efforts of the Merina court, we trace how isolationism and modernization collided. Discover why France eventually invaded in 1895, not because they couldn’t take it earlier, but because the geopolitical landscape shifted. This story covers the last days of the Merina Kingdom, the exile to Réunion and Algeria, and the enduring legacy of Malagasy resilience against colonial rule. #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #RanavalonaIII #ColonialAfrica #FrenchColonialEmpire #IndianOceanTrade #MalagasyCulture #Rainilaiarivony #Isolationism #1895Invasion #AfricanSovereignty #EastAfricaHistory #IndigenousResistance #MerinaNobility #Antananarivo #Tsimihety #VazimbaLegacy #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Last Merina King: Andrianampoinimerina’s Unification 22.09.2026 9นาที

  In this episode of Fexingo History, we travel back to the late eighteenth century to meet Andrianampoinimerina, the man who transformed a fractured collection of small chiefdoms in Madagascar’s Central Highlands into a unified kingdom. Before he died in 1810, he famously declared his ambition to encircle the island with a ditch, a metaphor for complete sovereignty that his son Radama I would later realize through military conquest. We explore how Andrianampoinimerina used diplomacy, strategic marriage alliances, and the powerful symbol of the royal sampy idols to bring rival clans like the Betsileo and Sakalava under Merina control without immediate bloodshed. This story reveals the political genius behind Madagascar’s first true state, challenging the narrative that unification was solely achieved through force. Join us as we examine the rise of the Merina Empire, the role of fanompoana labor obligations, and the cultural foundations that allowed Antananarivo to become the capital of a nation that resisted colonial fragmentation for decades. #Andrianampoinimerina #MerinaKingdom #MadagascarHistory #EastAfricaHistory #RadamaI #Antananarivo #Fanompoana #Sampy #Betsileo #Sakalava #MalagasyUnification #CentralHighlands #Rova #Ambohimanga #ColonialResistance #IslandHistory #AfricanMonarchs #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Dinar and the Crown: Madagascar’s Silver Economy 21.09.2026 6นาที

  While earlier episodes explored the political rise of the Merina Kingdom and the religious upheavals under Ranavalona II, this episode shifts focus to the invisible architecture of power: money. We trace how King Radama I transformed Madagascar from a barter-based society into a monetized state by introducing silver dirhams minted in Zanzibar. This economic revolution wasn't just about trade; it was a strategic move to bypass Arab merchants and centralize wealth in Antananarivo. Lucas and Luna examine the physical characteristics of these coins, their role in paying the fanompoana labor tax, and how the influx of foreign currency eventually destabilized the traditional social order. We also look at the controversial decision to accept Ottoman Turkish lira as legal tender, a bold gamble that left the kingdom vulnerable to global market fluctuations. By understanding the flow of silver, we see how colonial powers later used debt and currency manipulation to dismantle Malagasy sovereignty long before the final military conquests. #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #RadamaI #ZanzibarTrade #MalagasyEconomy #SilverDirham #Fanompoana #Antananarivo #ColonialEconomics #IndianOceanTrade #OttomanLira #RanavalonaI #Rainilaiarivony #PreColonialAfrica #CurrencyHistory #EastAfricanHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Merina Iron Curtain: Radama I's Military Revolution 20.09.2026 10นาที

  While earlier episodes have explored the spiritual and social structures of the Merina Kingdom, this episode focuses on the military machinery that allowed them to unify Madagascar. We examine King Radama I’s rapid modernization in the early 19th century, his adoption of firearms and European training methods, and the strategic use of the fanompoana labor system to build a standing army. Lucas and Luna discuss how Radama leveraged relationships with British traders and missionaries to acquire cannons and muskets, fundamentally changing warfare in the Indian Ocean. The conversation details key campaigns against the Sakalava kingdoms in the west and the resistance from groups like the Tsimihety who refused to submit to central authority. We also look at the cultural friction caused by introducing foreign weapons into a society governed by traditional fady and ancestral laws, and how this militarization paved the way for the eventual French colonial takeover. This is a deep dive into the logistics, politics, and human cost of Madagascar’s first great imperial expansion. #RadamaI #MerinaKingdom #MadagascarHistory #Fanompoana #Sakalava #Tsimihety #MalagasyMilitary #Antananarivo #Ambohimanga #Rova #Hova #Andriana #ColonialPreparation #IndianOceanTrade #EastAfricaHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #HistoricalAnalysis Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Ranavalona II's Religious Revolution in Madagascar 19.09.2026 10นาที

  In this episode, we explore the dramatic religious transformation of Madagascar under Queen Ranavalona II. We trace how a traditional monarch, once surrounded by sacred idols known as sampy, embraced Christianity after meeting missionaries from the London Missionary Society. The narrative focuses on the pivotal moment when Ranavalona II and her Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony converted to Protestantism, leading to the public destruction of the royal fetishes. This shift wasn't just spiritual but political, reshaping Merina society, legal codes, and international relations. We also examine the role of Dr. James Cameron, the British missionary whose influence was profound, and the complex social upheaval that followed the abandonment of ancestral customs like fady. Through this lens, we see how isolation gave way to global connection, altering the fate of the Merina Kingdom forever. #Madagascar #RanavalonaII #MerinaKingdom #ChristianityInAfrica #LondonMissionarySociety #Rainilaiarivony #JamesCameron #ColonialHistory #EastAfricanHistory #ReligiousConversion #Samypolytheism #FadyCustoms #Antananarivo #19thCenturyHistory #Protestantism #IslandHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Ranavalona III's Exile: The Last Queen of Madagascar 18.09.2026 9นาที

  This episode traces the final, tragic chapter of Merina sovereignty through the lens of Ranavalona III. We begin in 1883, following her dramatic ascension to the throne at Ambohimanga during a period of intense French imperial pressure. Lucas details how she attempted to navigate the treacherous waters of diplomacy, balancing traditional Merina authority with modernizing reforms and foreign treaties. Luna guides the conversation toward the human cost of these political maneuvers, exploring the internal court intrigues involving Rainilaiarivony and the shifting alliances with Britain and France. The narrative moves swiftly to the pivotal moment in 1895 when French troops marched into Antananarivo, forcing the queen’s surrender without a major battle. We then follow her journey into exile, first to Réunion and later to Algeria, where she lived as a prisoner of the Republic until her death in 1917. This story highlights not just the fall of a kingdom, but the resilience of Malagasy identity under colonial rule. #RanavalonaIII #MerinaKingdom #MadagascarHistory #FrenchColonialism #Ambohimanga #Antananarivo #Rainilaiarivony #MalagasyExile #IndianOceanEmpire #IsandraHova #FrenchMadagascar #ReunionIsland #AlgiersExile #1895Invasion #LastQueen #EastAfricanHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Madagascar's First Constitution and the 1820 Charter 17.09.2026 6นาที

  In 1820, Madagascar’s first European visitors arrived not as conquerors, but as teachers from the London Missionary Society. This episode explores how King Radama I transformed his court at Ambohimanga by adopting foreign knowledge to centralize power. We examine the creation of the Hintsy fomba amam-panao, a written code of laws that replaced oral tradition with a formalized state structure. Lucas and Luna discuss the role of Rev. David Jones in translating these concepts and the immediate political shockwaves felt across the Merina highlands. You will learn how this document reshaped the relationship between the monarch and the Andriana nobility, setting the stage for modern Malagasy governance while maintaining traditional spiritual authority. The conversation also touches on the linguistic shift toward Latin script and the specific administrative reforms that allowed Antananarivo to control distant territories like Menabe and Boina through standardized taxation and justice systems. #RadamaI #LondonMissionarySociety #Hintsyfombamamapanao #MerinaKingdom #Ambohimanga #DavidJones #MalagasyHistory #ColonialismInMadagascar #EastAfricaHistory #AfricanConstitutions #AndrianaNobility #MerinaCulture #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #IslandNations #19thCenturyAfrica #ReligiousConversion #StateBuilding Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Merina Iron Curtain: Radama I's Military Revolution 16.09.2026 8นาที

  While earlier episodes have chronicled the rise of the Merina kingdom and the iron-fisted rule of Ranavalona I, this episode examines the critical military transformation engineered by King Radama I in the early nineteenth century. We explore how he pivoted from traditional warfare to a modernized standing army, leveraging French artisans to establish an artillery corps and importing firearms through Indian Ocean trade networks. The conversation details the establishment of the Royal Guard, the standardization of drill and discipline, and the controversial use of forced labor, known as fanompoana, to build fortifications and roads. Lucas and Luna discuss the strategic implications of these changes, the resistance from traditionalists who feared the erosion of cultural norms, and the complex diplomatic balancing act Radama performed with British missionaries and French mercenaries. This shift not only allowed the Merina to expand their territory rapidly but also set the stage for the intense internal conflicts that would follow his death, offering a fresh perspective on Madagascar’s colonial-era preparations. #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #RadamaI #Fanompoana #MilitaryHistory #IndianOceanTrade #ColonialMalagasy #Antananarivo #ArtilleryHistory #Zafimaniry #RovaPalace #MalagasyCulture #EastAfricaHistory #19thCenturyWarfare #BritishMissionaries #FrenchMerchants #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #IslandEmpires #TraditionalWarfare Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Tsimihety: Rebels Who Defied the Merina Empire 15.09.2026 8นาที

  In Episode 231, Lucas and Luna explore the rise of the Tsimihety people in north-central Madagascar, a group whose name literally translates to those who do not cut the hair — a refusal to submit to the centralizing authority of the Merina Kingdom. While previous episodes covered the unification efforts of Andrianampoinimerina and Radama I, this episode focuses on the fierce resistance led by Chief Ramboarison and his successor, King Andrianjafindraimanjaka. We examine how geographic isolation in the highlands allowed the Tsimihety to maintain their decentralized clan structure, reject the Merina tax system, and preserve their own spiritual traditions centered on ancestral tombs rather than royal sampy. The conversation delves into the military skirmishes of the 1820s, the role of French traders in Arivonimano, and the eventual, uneasy incorporation of Tsimihety lands into the larger Malagasy state under Rainilaiarivony. This story highlights a crucial counter-narrative to the Merina-centric view of Malagasy history, revealing a resilient culture that survived colonial pressures through strategic non-compliance and local autonomy. #Tsimihety #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #Andrianampoinimerina #RadamaI #Ramboarison #Andrianjafindraimanjaka #Arivonimano #HighlandMadagascar #MalagasyResistance #ColonialRule #Rainilaiarivony #Sampy #Fanompoana #EastAfrica #FexingoHistory #History #Documentary Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Andriana Nobles and the Merina Social Order 14.09.2026 8นาที

  We trace the intricate caste system of pre-colonial Madagascar, focusing on the Andriana nobility who ruled the Merina Kingdom. While earlier episodes covered the fierce resistance of Ranavalona I and the agricultural innovations of the Betsileo, this episode explores the social fabric that held it all together. We look at how lineage determined status, the role of the Hova commoners in sustaining the state, and the complex rituals surrounding land ownership and tribute. You will meet key figures like Rainilaiarivony, whose political maneuvering reshaped the hierarchy, and learn about the specific obligations of the Andriana class beyond just royal blood. This is a deep dive into the human structures of power in the Central Highlands, examining how identity was inherited, enforced, and occasionally challenged before French colonial rule dismantled these ancient traditions. #MerinaKingdom #AndrianaNobles #MadagascarHistory #SocialCaste #Rainilaiarivony #HovaCommoners #CentralHighlands #PreColonialAfrica #MalagasyCulture #LineageSystems #TributeEconomy #Ambohimanga #Fanompoana #Imerina #RanavalonaII #LandOwnership #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Zafinkasiny: How Madagascar's Iron Masters Built an Empire 13.09.2026 9นาที

  Before the Merina kingdom unified Madagascar, a different power rose in the remote southern highlands. This episode explores the Zafinkasiny, the iron masters of the Imerintsiatosa region, who built their wealth not on rice terraces or slave raids, but on metallurgy and horse warfare. We follow Andriamisandratrandrabe, a charismatic leader who forged alliances with neighboring tribes through trade and strategic marriage, creating a military force that challenged the Sakalava kings of the west. The story traces how his descendants, including the formidable King Andriantsimitoviaminiandriandahifeno, used iron-tipped spears and cavalry to dominate the central plateau. We also examine the controversial legacy of the Zafinany dynasty, whose rigid caste system and harsh punishments eventually led to their downfall at the hands of Radama I’s expanding forces. This is a story of technology, ambition, and the brutal politics of pre-colonial statecraft. #Zafinkasiny #MadagascarHistory #Imerintsiatosa #Andriamisandratrandrabe #MerinaKingdom #SakalavaKings #IronMasters #EastAfricaHistory #PreColonialMadagascar #Andriantsimitoviaminiandriandahifeno #RadamaI #MalagasyCasteSystem #HorseWarfare #MetallurgyHistory #CentralHighlands #FexingoHistory #AfricanEmpires #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Merina Kingdom's Rise and Unification of Madagascar 12.09.2026 7นาที

  This episode explores the dramatic rise of the Merina kingdom in the central highlands of Madagascar during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. We focus on Andrianampoinimerina, the ruler who first unified the fragmented Imerina region, and his successor Radama I, who expanded the kingdom’s influence across the island through military conquest and diplomatic engagement with European powers. The narrative details the political strategies, including the use of the fanompoana labor system and the integration of diverse ethnic groups like the Betsileo and Sakalava, that transformed a small highland principality into a centralized state. We examine the role of key figures such as Rainilaiarivony in maintaining Merina power and discuss the cultural shifts brought about by this consolidation, including the standardization of Malagasy language and the adoption of new administrative practices. Listeners will gain insight into how internal dynamics and external pressures shaped modern Madagascar. #MerinaKingdom #Andrianampoinimerina #RadamaI #MadagascarHistory #Imerina #Rainilaiarivony #Fanompoana #Betsileo #Sakalava #CentralHighlands #Antananarivo #MalagasyUnification #EastAfricaHistory #ColonialEra #AfricanKingdoms #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #IslandCivilizations Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Vazimba: Madagascar's First People 11.09.2026 7นาที

  Long before the Merina kings built their stone palaces or the Sakalava ruled the coast, Madagascar was home to the Vazimba. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the enigmatic origins of these earliest inhabitants, whose legacy survives in place names, royal taboos, and oral traditions rather than written records. We trace how later kingdoms like Imerina incorporated Vazimba lands through both conquest and ritual incorporation, examining the concept of the 'first owners' and the sacred sites they left behind. From the misty highlands of Ambohimanga to the coastal forts of Fort Dauphin, we uncover how the memory of the Vazimba shaped Malagasy political legitimacy and social hierarchy for centuries. #Vazimba #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #Imerina #Andrianampoinimerina #Ambohimanga #Rova #Fady #Ombiasy #Sampy #EastAfricaHistory #ColonialMadagascar #MalagasyCulture #OralTradition #PrecolonialAfrica #Zebu #Tangana #Antananarivo #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Hova Nobles and the Rise of Merina Power 10.09.2026 11นาที

  While previous episodes have explored the Vazimba, Sakalava, and Merina kings, this episode turns its gaze to the social engine that drove Madagascar’s unification: the Hova. We trace how a class of free commoners evolved into the dominant aristocracy under Andrianjaka and Andrianampoinimerina. Lucas and Luna examine the intricate hierarchy of Imerina society, the role of the ombiasy in legitimizing power through sacred texts like the dady, and the complex web of fady that bound the nobility together. From the rice terraces of the Central Highlands to the political maneuvering within the Rova of Antananarivo, we uncover how social mobility and rigid tradition coexisted to forge a powerful kingdom that would eventually resist French colonialism for decades. #Hova #MerinaKingdom #Imerina #Antananarivo #Andrianjaka #Andrianampoinimerina #Rova #Ombiasy #Dady #Fady #Sampy #Vazimba #CentralHighlands #MadagascarHistory #AfricanKingdoms #ColonialMadagascar #SocialHierarchy #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Great Famine and Madagascar's Demographic Collapse 09.09.2026 6นาที

  While previous episodes explored the political machinations of the Merina monarchy and the fierce resistance against French colonial rule, this episode turns to a catastrophic event that reshaped the island’s demographic landscape: the Great Famine of 1879–1883. We examine how Queen Ranavalona II’s aggressive push for rice monoculture, combined with the introduction of the brown planthopper pest and severe drought conditions, led to widespread starvation in the central highlands. Lucas and Luna discuss the social breakdown, the collapse of traditional safety nets, and the desperate migration from Imerina to the coast. This narrative reveals how an agricultural policy intended to strengthen the kingdom instead weakened its population right before the final French conquest, offering a poignant look at the intersection of climate, policy, and survival in late nineteenth-century Madagascar. #GreatFamine #MadagascarHistory #RanavalonaII #Imerina #MerinaKingdom #AgriculturalPolicy #RiceMonoculture #BrownPlanthopper #MalagasyCulture #ColonialMadagascar #EastAfricaHistory #DemographicCollapse #FoodSecurity #19thCenturyHistory #ClimateHistory #Pestilence #SocialUnrest #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Ranavalona II and the Cross: Madagascar's Religious Revolution 08.09.2026 8นาที

  In Episode 224, we explore the dramatic religious transformation of Madagascar under Queen Ranavalona II. While her predecessor, Ranavalona I, fiercely resisted foreign influence, the young queen embraced Christianity in 1869, fundamentally altering the island’s spiritual and political landscape. We examine how this conversion was not merely a personal choice but a strategic alignment with Britain against French colonial ambitions. The episode details the destruction of sacred royal artifacts, the rise of Protestant missionaries like Dr. John Williams, and the intense backlash from traditionalists who viewed the new faith as a threat to Malagasy sovereignty. Through the lens of Ranavalona II’s reign, we uncover how faith became a tool for modernization and resistance, shaping the identity of a nation caught between imperial powers. #RanavalonaII #MadagascarHistory #MerinaKingdom #ChristianConversion #EastAfricanHistory #ColonialMalaysia #ProtestantMissionaries #Antananarivo #Imerina #BritishEmpire #FrenchColonialism #MalagasyCulture #RoyalPalace #SacredArtifacts #19thCentury #IslandKingdoms #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo