The History of Algeria: Colonization, Resistance, and Independence — Fexingo History — พอดแคสต์

The Maghreb’s Hidden War: France vs The Ottoman Legacy 27.09.2026 11นาที

While previous episodes have focused on the violent birth of French Algeria and the brutal independence war, this episode explores a quieter but equally significant conflict: the ideological struggle over identity in the decades between 1830 and 1954. We examine how the French colonial administration attempted to erase the Ottoman past through language laws, educational reforms, and the deliberate marginalization of the Kouloughli elite. We look at figures like Si Mustapha Ben Jafar and the complex role of the Jewish community under the Crémieux Decree, which created new social fractures. By tracing the rise of early nationalist intellectuals like Abd al-Razzaq al-Durani and the cultural preservation efforts of scholars in the Grand Mosque of Algiers, we uncover how Algerian society maintained its coherence not just through arms, but through memory, law, and daily resistance against cultural assimilation. #AlgerianHistory #FrenchColonialism #OttomanMaghreb #Kouloughli #CrémieuxDecree #AlgiersCasbah #Abd al-Razzaq al-Durani #SiMustaphaBenJafar #NorthAfricaHistory #ColonialEducation #IslamicLaw #ShariaCourts #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #PostOttomanEra #CulturalResistance #AlgerianNationalism #MedinaStudies Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Constantine: When France Lost to the City's Heights 26.09.2026 11นาที

In 1837, after a decade of brutal campaigns across North Africa, French Marshal Valée turned his sights on Constantine, a city perched atop a limestone plateau so steep it seemed impregnable. The Algerian defenders, led by Ahmed Bey Mohammed el-Kebir and supported by local Kabyle tribes, had fortified the citadel with cannons that overlooked the only viable approach. For weeks, French engineers struggled to build siege bridges over deep ravines while under relentless sniper fire from the walls. This episode explores the tactical genius of Ahmed Bey, the disastrous initial French assault, and how the eventual capture of Constantine shattered the last major organized resistance in eastern Algeria. We examine the role of the Ottoman Regency’s remnants, the strategic importance of the Mitidja Plain, and the human cost borne by both the Jannissaries who garrisoned the city and the civilian population caught in the crossfire. From the Treaty of Tafna to the final storming of the gates, this is the story of a battle that redefined colonial warfare in the Maghreb. #Constantine #AhmedBey #FrenchColonialism #AlgerianHistory #BattleOfConstantine #OttomanRegency #KabyleTribes #Jannissaries #MarshalValée #MitidjaPlain #CitadelOfConstantine #TreatyOfTafna #NorthAfrica #Maghreb #ColonialWarfare #SidiBelAbbès #EmirAbdelkader #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Staoueli: Birth of French Algeria 25.09.2026 10นาที

In this episode, we strip away the later myths of colonial inevitability to examine the brutal, chaotic reality of July 1830. Lucas and Luna trace the French expeditionary force from its arrival at Sidi Ferruch to the decisive clash at Staoueli. We explore Marshal de Bourmont’s tactical blunders, the disciplined resistance of the Janissaries, and how a minor skirmish near Algiers unraveled into a campaign that would reshape North Africa for a century. This is not just about conquest; it is about the moment the Ottoman Regency of Algiers collapsed under European artillery and logistical ambition. #Algiers #Staoueli #SidiFerruch #FrenchColonization #DeBourmont #Janissaries #1830War #NorthAfricaHistory #OttomanAlgeria #MilitiaFrance #Casbah #EmirAbdelkader #ColonialEmpire #BattleOfStaoueli #FrenchArmy #BarbaryCorsairs #RegencyOfAlgiers #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The French Foreign Legion's Origins in Algeria 24.09.2026 8นาที

This episode explores the dark and complex origins of the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831 shortly after the conquest of Algiers. We trace how Marshal Clausel transformed a chaotic collection of deserters, discharged soldiers, and European adventurers into a disciplined military force designed to fight colonial wars abroad. The narrative focuses on the early battles in Algeria, including the brutal suppression of resistance movements and the formation of the Légion Étrangère’s iconic black flag, the drapeau noir. Through the eyes of early legionnaires like Bernard Raymond Pierre Bonnal, we examine the unit’s role in securing French control over North Africa and its enduring legacy as an instrument of imperial expansion. #History #FexingoHistory #FrenchForeignLegion #Algeria #ColonialHistory #LégionÉtrangère #Algiers #MarshalClausel #BernardRaymondPierreBonnal #drapeaunoir #NorthAfrica #Imperialism #MilitaryHistory #19thCentury #FrenchEmpire #Colonization #Warfare #HistoricalDocumentary Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The French Foreign Legion's Dark Origin in Algeria 23.09.2026 9นาที

We trace the grim genesis of the Légion Étrangère, born not from glory but from the desperate need to manage foreign deserters and political exiles after the fall of Napoleon. Lucas walks us through the chaotic summer of 1831, when Marshal Clausel faced a mutiny among Swiss and German mercenaries who refused to fight an offensive war in North Africa. Instead of disbanding them, he forged a new unit—the Foreign Regiment—intended for those who had nothing left to lose and everything to gain by disappearing into service. We explore how this military experiment became the backbone of France’s colonial conquest, turning outcasts into the instrument of empire. Alongside the tactical decisions of General Bernard Raymond Pierre Bonnal and the early deployments to Sidi Bel Abbès, we examine the cultural mythos that grew around these soldiers, including the iconic black flag used during night raids. This episode uncovers the uncomfortable truth that some of France’s most disciplined troops were once its most dangerous liabilities, and asks whether their legacy is one of honor or exploitation. #LégionÉtrangère #SidiBelAbbès #AlgeriaHistory #FrenchColonialism #NapoleonicWars #MarshalClausel #BernardRaymondPierreBonnal #NorthAfricaHistory #MilitaryHistory #ForeignSoldiers #ColonialWarfare #AlgiersHistory #BlackFlag #1830sFrance #MercenaryHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #GeneralBonnal Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Mokrani: Algeria's Last Great Uprising 22.09.2026 7นาที

This episode explores the Mokrani Revolt of 1871, a massive but often overlooked uprising in northern Algeria that occurred decades before the famous war of independence. Following the brutal suppression of earlier resistance by Emir Abdelkader and the loss of traditional leadership structures under French colonial rule, indigenous Muslim elites known as notables found themselves squeezed between their communities and the occupying power. When the French government passed the Senatus-Consulte of 1863 and later revoked the rights of these intermediaries, resentment boiled over. We trace how Cheikh El Mokrani, a powerful tribal leader from the Aumale region, organized a coordinated attack across the Mitidja plain and the Aurès mountains. The episode details the initial successes of the rebels, the harsh reprisals by General Chanzy, and the eventual collapse of the movement. Unlike the guerrilla warfare of the 1950s, this was a conventional war fought with tribes and local militias against the French army, revealing the deep fractures within Algerian society and the enduring nature of anti-colonial resistance long before the FLN existed. #MokraniRevolt #CheikhElMokrani #AlgerianHistory #FrenchColonialism #NorthAfrica #AurèsMountains #MitidjaPlain #GeneralChanzy #IndigenousNotables #SenatusConsulte #1871Uprising #AlgérieFrançaise #TribalResistance #EmirAbdelkaderLegacy #ColonialPolicy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #WorldHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Ahmed Bey's Last Stand at Constantine 21.09.2026 8นาที

While previous episodes have explored the military campaigns of Emir Abdelkader and the urban guerrilla warfare of the Casbah, Episode 241 turns its gaze eastward to the Beylik of Constantine. We examine the final, desperate days of Ahmed Bey Mohammed el-Kebir in 1837 as French forces under General Valée laid siege to the city. This episode details the internal political fractures within the Ottoman regency, the specific role of the Kabyle tribes in the defense, and the tragic fall of the citadel that marked the end of effective Algerian sovereignty for nearly a century. We explore how Ahmed Bey’s diplomatic maneuvers with Britain and his failed attempts to rally northern resistance collapsed under the weight of French artillery and betrayal from within. The narrative focuses on the human cost of this surrender, the exile of the Bey, and the immediate administrative changes imposed by France, setting the stage for the broader colonial project. #AhmedBey #Constantine #FrenchColonization #AlgeriaHistory #OttomanAlgeria #GeneralValée #BeylikOfConstantine #KabyleResistance #NorthAfrica #19thCenturyWar #FexingoHistory #ColonialEmpire #Algiers #MilitiaSystem #TreatyOfAndrinople #ExileToEgypt #CitadelOfConstantine #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Mokrani: Algeria's Last Great Uprising 20.09.2026 8นาที

In Episode 240, we explore the 1871 Mokrani Revolt, often called Algeria’s last great tribal uprising. While earlier episodes covered Emir Abdelkader and the later FLN war, this conflict sits in the messy middle—the decade after initial conquest when France tried to impose direct rule through the Crémieux Decree and military governorships. Lucas and Luna trace how Cheikh El Mokrani united Kabyle tribes and Arab groups around Bordj Bou Arreridj against General de Goulbert’s forces. We look at the role of the Rahmaniyya brotherhood, the betrayal by local collaborators, and why the French eventually won not just with firepower but by exploiting deep social fractures. This episode also touches on the aftermath for the Achir region and how this defeat shaped future resistance strategies. #MokraniRevolt #CheikhElMokrani #AlgerianHistory #Kabylie #FrenchColonialism #EmirAbdelkaderLegacy #NorthAfrica #Rahmaniyya #BordjBouArreridj #CrémieuxDecree #Indigénat #Achir #GeneraldeGoulbert #Djurdjura #TribalUprising #ColonialResistance #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Abd el-Krim: Rif Republic vs France 19.09.2026 7นาที

In this episode, we explore the unlikely rise of the Rif Republic and its charismatic leader, Abd el-Krim. Following decades of French and Spanish encroachment in North Africa, a former judge named Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi unified the disparate Berber tribes of the Rif mountains. He didn't just resist; he built a modern state with an army, a constitution, and a radio station. We dive into the pivotal Battle of Annual in 1921, where his forces annihilated a large Spanish expeditionary corps, shocking the European powers. This victory forced France and Spain to join forces against him, leading to a brutal war of attrition that included chemical weapons. Yet, for three years, the Rif Republic stood as a beacon of anti-colonial resistance, influencing movements from India to Ireland before ultimately falling to superior industrial might. #RifRepublic #AbdElKrim #BattleOfAnnual #MuhammadIbnAbdAlKarim #SpanishMandate #BerberResistance #NorthAfricanHistory #AntiColonialism #ChemicalWarfare #RifWar #FexingoHistory #History #Decolonization #Maghreb #MoroccoHistory #TangierZone #MilitaryHistory #WorldWarOneAftermath Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The French Foreign Legion in Algeria 18.09.2026 8นาที

In this episode, we explore the complex and often brutal origins of the French Foreign Legion within the context of the Algerian conquest. While previous episodes have covered key battles like Isly and Constantine, few have examined the military unit that became synonymous with colonial enforcement: the Légion Étrangère. Lucas and Luna discuss how Bernard Raymond Pierre Bonnal helped formalize the legion's structure in Sidi Bell Abbès, turning it into a professional instrument of empire. We look at the psychological profile of the foreign volunteers who joined, the harsh realities of the Toussaint Rouge campaigns, and the legendary 'black flag' tradition that signaled no quarter would be given. This story is not just about military history, but about identity, exile, and the heavy cost of imperial ambition in North Africa. #FrenchForeignLegion #LégionÉtrangère #AlgeriaHistory #ColonialMilitary #SidiBellAbbès #BernardRaymondPierreBonnal #ToussaintRouge #NorthAfrica #ImperialWarfare #BlackFlag #19thCenturyMilitary #DrapeauNoir #FrenchEmpire #AlgerianConquest #MilitaryHistory #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Algeria's Secret Women: The Network Behind the Revolution 17.09.2026 7นาที

While history often highlights the battles and male leaders of the Algerian War of Independence, the survival of the National Liberation Front (FLN) depended on a vast, hidden network of women. This episode explores how ordinary Algerian women, known as 'moudjahidates' in combat or 'harkis' by their detractors, facilitated the movement of supplies, intelligence, and fighters through French checkpoints. We focus on the specific role of women using traditional veils and domestic routines to smuggle weapons and messages in the Casbah of Algiers and rural zones. Featuring stories of Djamila Bouhired, Zohra Drif, and the unnamed women who carried grenades in their baskets, we examine how gender norms were weaponized against the colonial army and how this invisible labor sustained the resistance when military fronts stalled. It is a story of courage that operated in the shadows, challenging both French occupation and traditional patriarchal structures within Algerian society itself. #AlgerianWar #DjamilaBouhired #ZohraDrif #FrontdeLibérationNationale #CasbahOfAlgiers #WomenInResistance #ColonialHistory #NorthAfrica #Moudjahidates #FrenchForeignLegion #IndigenousWomen #GuerrillaTactics #SmugglingNetworks #Harki #EvianAccords #HistoryPodcast #FexingoHistory #Decolonization Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Isly: Morocco and France Clash 16.09.2026 8นาที

In 1844, the French Empire found itself fighting two wars simultaneously in North Africa. While General Bugeaud was grinding down Emir Abdelkader’s resistance in Algeria, Sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco provided sanctuary and support to the Algerian resistance, viewing them as fellow Muslims under siege. This cross-border support triggered a diplomatic crisis that escalated into open warfare along the Moulouya River. Episode 236 explores the Battle of Isly, where Marshal Bugeaud met Sultan Abd al-Rahman’s army on July 14th, 1844. We examine how the French used their technological advantage—specifically the Paixhans gun—to shatter Moroccan lines despite being outnumbered. The episode details the subsequent Treaty of Tangier, which forced Morocco to expel Abdelkader and recognize French control over Algeria, effectively ending any hope of a unified Maghrebi front against colonialism. Through this lens, we understand the geopolitical isolation that sealed Algeria’s fate. #BattleOfIsly #MarshalBugeaud #SultanAbdAlRahman #EmirAbdelkader #TreatyOfTangier #MoulouyaRiver #FrenchColonialAlgeria #MoroccanHistory #PaixhansGun #DjebelJurdjura #NorthAfricanResistance #1844War #FrenchForeignLegion #MaghrebHistory #ColonialEmpire #MilitaryTechnology #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The French Foreign Legion's Origins in Algeria 15.09.2026 8นาที

This episode explores the creation and early deployment of the French Foreign Legion in Algeria, focusing on the strategic necessity that led to its formation in 1831. We examine the role of General Bernard Raymond Pierre Bonnal, who was tasked with organizing foreign regiments to stabilize the colony after the initial invasion. The narrative details the harsh realities faced by recruits from across Europe and beyond, including Germans, Poles, and Irish deserters, as they were deployed to garrison remote posts like Sidi Bell Abbès. We also look at the controversial 'drapeau noir' (black flag) tradition, symbolizing a soldier's death outside French soil, and how this unique military culture emerged from the brutal counter-insurgency campaigns against Emir Abdelkader’s forces. Through the lens of these forgotten soldiers, we understand how the Legion became an instrument of imperial power, leaving a lasting mark on both French military history and Algerian society. #FrenchForeignLegion #AlgeriaHistory #SidiBellAbbes #EmirAbdelkader #GeneralBonnal #ColonialMilitary #NorthAfricanHistory #19thCenturyWarfare #DrapeauNoir #FrenchColonization #MilitaryHistory #Imperialism #CounterInsurgency #AlgerianResistance #ForeignSoldiers #NineteenthCentury #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The French Foreign Legion in Algeria 14.09.2026 12นาที

While earlier episodes have covered the brutal urban warfare of the Casbah and the mountain campaigns of Kabylia, this episode explores a different facet of the colonial military machine: the French Foreign Legion. We examine how the Legion was established in Algeria in 1831 as a solution to manpower shortages and political instability at home. Lucas and Luna discuss the early battles where these foreign-born soldiers proved their worth, from the disastrous expedition to Oran to the siege of Constantine. We look at the unique culture that developed within the Legion’s ranks—men with no country fighting for pay and purpose—and how their reputation for ferocity became a cornerstone of French imperial power. The conversation also touches on the legal ambiguities of being a 'foreigner' in a colony that was technically part of France, and how the Legion’s ethos shaped the psychological landscape of the occupation. #FrenchForeignLegion #AlgerianWar #ColonialHistory #NorthAfrica #MilitaryHistory #19thCenturyFrance #Algiers #Constantine #Oran #Bugeaud #Damas #ImmigrationHistory #EmpireBuilding #FexingoHistory #History #Colonialism #SoldierLife #FrenchArmy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Emir Abdelkader: The Diplomat Who Defied Empire 13.09.2026 9นาที

We often frame Algerian resistance as a series of military campaigns, from the 1830 landing to the 1954 revolution, but Emir Abdelkader’s story is fundamentally different. He was not just a warrior; he was a statesman who established a functioning state in western Algeria between 1832 and 1847, negotiating with France as an equal sovereign power. This episode explores how Abdelkader used Islamic law, tribal diplomacy, and modern military tactics to build a resilient government that survived for fifteen years. We look at his capture of Constantine, his humanitarian actions during the Damascus massacres, and the complex treaty negotiations that eventually led to his exile. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Abdelkader refused to see himself as a rebel against civilization, viewing himself instead as a defender of order and faith against imperial overreach. His later life in Paris and Damascus offers a rare glimpse into the intellectual world of a nineteenth-century Muslim leader who engaged directly with European liberalism. Through his correspondence and diplomatic missions, we uncover a figure who challenged the colonial narrative long before independence movements existed, proving that resistance could be both martial and deeply diplomatic. #EmirAbdelkader #AlgerianHistory #FrenchColonialism #NorthAfrica #IslamicDiplomacy #19thCenturyHistory #Algiers #Constantine #DamascusMassacres #TreatyOfDesmichels #TreatyOfTaif #SufiOrder #Qadiriyya #AntiColonialResistance #MuslimLeadership #OttomanLegacy #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Algeria's Lost Villages: The Great Exile of 1830 12.09.2026 9นาที

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the lesser-known but devastating chapter of early French colonization in Algeria: the systematic deportation of entire communities from the Mitidja plain to the harsh interior. Following the fall of Algiers in 1830, Governor General De Bourmont issued orders to clear the fertile coastal lands of their inhabitants, displacing thousands of Kabyle and Arab families into the arid steppes. We examine the specific role of General Trézel in executing these expulsions, the resistance mounted by figures like Si Abd al-Rahman, and the long-term demographic reshaping of North Africa. This story highlights the human cost of colonial expansion beyond the battlefield, focusing on the forced marches, the loss of ancestral land, and the resilience of those who refused to be erased. Listeners will learn about the strategic importance of the Mitidja, the brutal conditions of the exile routes, and how this policy laid the groundwork for decades of rural resistance. #MitidjaPlain #DeBourmont #GeneralTrezel #SiAbdRahman #FrenchColonization #AlgerianHistory #ForcedDisplacement #KabylePeople #Algiers1830 #NorthAfricaHistory #ColonialPolicy #ExileRoutes #OttomanAlgeria #LandConfiscation #RuralResistance #DemographicChange #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Saharan Oasis Wars: Algeria's Desert Resistance 11.09.2026 9นาที

While the world remembers the urban guerrilla warfare of the Casbah and the mountain battles of Kabylia, a quieter but equally fierce struggle unfolded in the deep south. This episode explores the 1864 Ouargla Uprising, where Si Slimane, a charismatic leader from the Rahmaniyya zawiya, mobilized desert tribes against French colonial expansion. We examine how trans-Saharan trade routes became battlegrounds, why the ksar of Touggourt fell, and how General Desvaux’s punitive expeditions sought to break the spiritual and economic backbone of the resistance. Discover the role of the Ouled Nail women, the strategic importance of the Djelfa region, and the lasting impact of this forgotten chapter on Algerian identity. #OuarglaUprising #SiSlimane #AlgerianHistory #FrenchColonization #NorthAfrica #Rahmaniyya #TransSaharanTrade #Ksar #Touggourt #GeneralDesvaux #OuledNail #Djelfa #DesertResistance #ColonialWarfare #Zawiya #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #Algeria Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Forgotten Women of the Algerian Revolution 10.09.2026 6นาที

While history often focuses on military commanders and political treaties, the Algerian War of Independence was sustained by a vast, unseen network of women who served as fighters, couriers, nurses, and organizers. This episode explores the critical role of these women, from the militant activists like Djamila Bouhired and Zoulikha to the everyday helpers who risked everything to support the Front de Libération Nationale. We examine how French colonial forces attempted to neutralize their influence through propaganda and violence, only to find that their resistance only strengthened the nationalist cause. By highlighting figures such as Hassiba Ben Bouali and the contributions of the harkis' wives, we uncover a more complete picture of the struggle for independence that challenges traditional narratives of war. #AlgerianWar #DjamilaBouhired #FrontdeLibérationNationale #WomenInHistory #ResistanceFighters #Colonialism #NorthAfricanHistory #HassibaBenBouali #Zoulikha #Casbah #IndigenousRights #PostColonialStudies #GenderAndWar #FLN #Algiers #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #Decolonization Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Harkis and the Silence After Independence 09.09.2026 8นาที

In this episode of The History of Algeria, we turn our attention to one of the most painful and enduring legacies of the war for independence: the Harkis. While earlier episodes covered the FLN's urban guerrilla warfare in the Casbah and the broader military campaigns, we now explore the tragic fate of the approximately two hundred thousand Algerians who served as auxiliaries for the French army. We examine how these men, women, and children were caught between two nations during the final years of conflict, facing execution or abandonment when France withdrew support in 1962. Lucas and Luna discuss the systemic betrayal that followed the Evian Accords, the internment camps in southern France like Rivesaltes, and the decades-long struggle for recognition by their descendants. This is a story of complex loyalties, brutal retribution, and a silence that lasted for generations, offering a deeper understanding of why the Algerian War’s wounds remain open today. #Harkis #AlgerianWar #EvianAccords #Rivesaltes #FrenchArmy #FLN #NorthAfricaHistory #ColonialLegacy #PostColonialStudies #Moudjahidine #PiedsNoirs #IndigenousAuxiliaries #1962Algeria #FrenchMilitary #RefugeeCrisis #HistoricalMemory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Algiers: Inside the Urban Guerrilla War 08.09.2026 6นาที

In Episode 228, we leave the mountain forts and desert ksars behind to enter the dense, winding labyrinth of the Casbah of Algiers in 1957. While previous episodes covered the broader strokes of colonization and the initial spark of the All Saints' Day attacks, this conversation zooms in on the most intense phase of the Algerian War of Independence: the Battle of Algiers. We explore how Yacef Saâdi organized the Zone III network into a sophisticated urban guerrilla force, using women and civilians as couriers to bypass French checkpoints. We also examine the French response under General Jacques Massu and the 10th Parachute Division’s controversial tactics, including systematic torture and the use of 'disappearances.' This episode contrasts the FLN's disciplined political strategy with the brutal efficiency of colonial counter-insurgency, revealing why this six-month siege became a global symbol of resistance and a blueprint for future urban warfare. #BattleOfAlgiers #YacefSaadi #JacquesMassu #CasbahOfAlgiers #FLN #AlgerianWar #ZoneIII #Colonialism #UrbanGuerrilla #Decolonization #10thParachuteDivision #GermaineTillion #VillaSusini #TortureDebates #NorthAfricanHistory #FrenchMilitary #AntiColoniaLResistance #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo