The Scramble for Africa: Greed, Empire, and Borders — Fexingo History — Podcast

The Berlin Conference Mapmakers: Drawing Lines on Africa 20.09.2026 8dk

In 1884, European diplomats gathered in Berlin to carve up the African continent without inviting a single African representative. This episode explores the human mechanics of that betrayal, focusing on the cartographers and explorers whose maps became law. We follow German diplomat Carl Peters and his brutal expedition into East Africa, where he used deception and force to sign treaties with local leaders who did not understand the terms. The conversation examines how these arbitrary borders ignored existing ethnic, linguistic, and political boundaries, setting the stage for centuries of conflict. Through the stories of figures like Helge von der Decken and the complex negotiations in the Bismarck-era conference room, we uncover how a few men with pens and compasses reshaped the world. Listeners will learn about the concept of effective occupation, the role of the Royal Geographical Society, and the immediate, devastating impact on societies like the Ndebele and the Swahili city-states. This is a deep dive into the bureaucratic violence that defined colonial rule. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #CarlPeters #GermanEastAfrica #ColonialBorders #MapMakingHistory #OttoVonBismarck #EffectiveOccupation #AfricanHistory #Imperialism #HelgeVonDerDecken #NdebeleKingdom #SwahiliCoast #RoyalGeographicalSociety #TreatyOfBerlin #Cartography #ColonialViolence #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

How Africa’s Borders Ignited Modern Conflicts 19.09.2026 9dk

In this episode, we explore the lasting damage of the Berlin Conference's cartographic decisions. Lucas and Luna examine how European diplomats drew arbitrary lines across the continent, splitting cohesive ethnic groups like the Somali people between five different nations and fracturing the Sahara into disconnected zones. We look at specific examples, such as the division of the Tuareg and the Hausa, and discuss how these artificial borders laid the groundwork for modern political instability and conflict in post-colonial Africa. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #ColonialBorders #EthiopiaHistory #SomaliDivision #TuaregPeople #HausaEmpire #OttoVonBismarck #EffectiveOccupation #AfricanGeopolitics #PostColonialAfrica #CartographyHistory #KingLeopoldII #FrenchWestAfrica #BritishEastAfrica #ArtificialStates #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AfricanHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Lugard's Indirect Rule: The Brutal Logic of Colonial Control 18.09.2026 9dk

While the Berlin Conference drew the lines, it was Frederick Lugard who built the machinery to hold them. This episode explores Indirect Rule, the British administrative system that allowed a handful of colonial officers to govern hundreds of millions by co-opting local chiefs and traditional structures. We trace how Lugard formalized this method in Northern Nigeria, turning autonomous societies into puppet states under the guise of 'native authority.' But this system wasn't about preserving culture; it was about extracting labor and maintaining order with minimal cost. We examine the devastating consequences of rigidifying fluid identities, inventing chieftaincies where none existed, and setting the stage for modern ethnic conflicts. From the Sokoto Caliphate to the Ashanti, we see how the illusion of self-government masked a deep, structural violence that outlasted the colonial flags. #IndirectRule #FrederickLugard #NorthernNigeria #SokotoCaliphate #ColonialAdministration #BritishEmpire #NativeAuthority #EthnicConflict #AfricaHistory #ImperialPolicy #Chieftaincy #19thCentury #20thCentury #PostColonial #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #AfricanLeaders #ColonialLegacy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Berlin Conference Cartographers: Drawing Lines on Africa 17.09.2026 6dk

We often think of the Scramble for Africa as a series of military campaigns, but the true conquest began in drawing rooms and conference halls with pens and maps. In this episode, we explore how European diplomats, led by Otto von Bismarck, gathered in Berlin in 1884 to carve up a continent they barely understood. We look at the General Act of Berlin, which established the rule of effective occupation, forcing colonial powers to prove they controlled territory rather than just claiming it on paper. You will hear about the key figures like King Leopold II and Gustav Nachtigal, and learn how arbitrary lines were drawn across complex ethnic and political landscapes, ignoring existing kingdoms like Ashanti and Zulu. This is the story of how cartography became a weapon of empire, creating borders that still define modern geopolitics today. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #OttoVonBismarck #KingLeopoldII #GeneralActOfBerlin #EffectiveOccupation #ColonialBorders #AfricanHistory #Imperialism #Cartography #GustavNachtigal #Kongokonferenz #TreatyOfBerlin #EuropeanEmpire #WestAfrica #Kamerun #Togoland #HarryJohnston #HeinrichBarth Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Scramble's Silent Partner: The Niger Delta's Oil Rivers 16.09.2026 7dk

While the Berlin Conference drew lines on paper, the real conquest of West Africa was often driven by corporate entities operating with royal backing. This episode explores the rise of the Royal Niger Company and its ruthless chief executive, George Taubman Goldie. We examine how Goldie manipulated local power structures in the Niger Delta, playing the Egba against the Ijebu and leveraging British naval supremacy to dismantle independent African trade networks. Unlike the military campaigns in Zulu or Sudan, this was a bureaucratic strangulation, where treaties were signed under duress and river traffic was monopolized by force. We look at the pivotal Aro Expedition of 1890, which shattered the spiritual and economic authority of the Aro Confederacy, and the subsequent creation of the Niger Coast Protectorate. Through the stories of King Jaja of Opobo and the complex dynamics of palm oil and human capital, we uncover how private enterprise effectively colonized a region before formal imperial declarations were even ratified. #RoyalNigerCompany #GeorgeTaubmanGoldie #KingJaja #Opobo #AroExpedition #NigerDelta #PalmOilRivers #BritishColonialism #WestAfricaHistory #Imperialism #ColonialResistance #BightOfBiafra #CrossRiver #Arochukwu #ScrambleForAfrica #NigerCoastProtectorate #19thCenturyAfrica #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Berlin Conference Mapmakers: How Lines Divided Africa 15.09.2026 7dk

In 1884, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck invited European diplomats to Berlin not to discuss war, but to draw lines on a map. This episode explores the mechanics of the Kongokonferenz and the General Act of Berlin, focusing on the principle of effective occupation that allowed empires to claim territory they never visited. We examine how British diplomat Sir Harry Johnston used his knowledge of local politics to secure vast tracts of East Africa for Britain, while French surveyors struggled through the Sahara with little more than compasses and treaties signed by leaders who didn't understand the implications. You will hear about the specific role of cartographers like Heinrich Barth and the devastating impact of these arbitrary borders on the Tuareg people, whose traditional trade routes were suddenly severed. The conversation also delves into the legal fiction that turned African sovereignty into mere 'protectorates,' setting the stage for decades of colonial extraction and conflict. This is a deep dive into the bureaucratic violence of empire, told through the eyes of those who drew the lines and those who had to live within them. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #OttoVonBismarck #GeneralActOfBerlin #EffectiveOccupation #HarryJohnston #HeinrichBarth #TuaregPeople #ColonialBorders #Kongokonferenz #AfricanHistory #EuropeanImperialism #Cartography #SaharaExploration #BritishEastAfrica #FrenchWestAfrica #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Berlin Conference: How Europe Carved Up Africa 14.09.2026 7dk

In 1884, Otto von Bismarck hosted a gathering in Berlin that would reshape the continent forever. This episode explores the Kongokonferenz, where European powers met to divide Africa without a single African representative present. We examine the General Act of Berlin, the doctrine of effective occupation, and how arbitrary borders were drawn across existing kingdoms like Ashanti and Zulu. Lucas and Luna discuss the diplomatic maneuvering between King Leopold II’s Congo Free State, French ambitions in West Africa, and British interests along the Nile. You will hear about Gustav Nachtigal’s treaties, the scramble for territory, and the immediate consequences for indigenous leaders who found their lands partitioned overnight. The conversation highlights the human cost of these bureaucratic decisions, from the displacement of communities to the erosion of sovereignty. By understanding the mechanics of the Scramble, we see how modern geopolitical conflicts trace back to this single room in Germany. This is not just a story of greed, but of administrative coldness that ignored centuries of local history and diplomacy. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #OttoVonBismarck #KingLeopoldII #GeneralActOfBerlin #EffectiveOccupation #Kongokonferenz #CongoFreeState #AfricanHistory #ColonialBorders #GustavNachtigal #AshantiEmpire #ZuluKingdom #EuropeanImperialism #19thCenturyAfrica #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #PostColonialStudies Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Forgotten Heroes of the Zulu Wars 13.09.2026 9dk

While history books often focus on the clash between British redcoats and Zulu warriors, Episode 231 shifts the lens to the African soldiers who made colonial expansion possible. We explore the role of the Natal Native Contingent and the Cape Corps in the Anglo-Zulu War, examining how local alliances shaped the outcome at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift. Lucas and Luna discuss the complex motivations of these fighters—ranging from land promises to personal vengeance against rival groups—and how their participation laid the groundwork for future resistance movements like the Maji Maji Rebellion. This episode uncovers the human stories behind the uniformed auxiliaries, revealing a narrative far more nuanced than simple collaboration or conquest. Listeners will encounter specific figures like Sir Evelyn Wood and hear firsthand accounts of the battle lines drawn not just by empire, but by local politics and survival. #AngloZuluWar #Isandlwana #NatalNativeContingent #RorkeDrift #ColonialAfrica #AfricanHistory #ZuluKingdom #BritishEmpire #CapeCorps #MilitaryHistory #ScrambleForAfrica #IndigenousAllies #SouthAfricaHistory #ColonialResistance #FexingoHistory #BlackSoldiers #19thCenturyAfrica #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Congo Free State: Leopold II's Private Horror 12.09.2026 9dk

While the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 carved up Africa among European powers, King Leopold II of Belgium secured a unique prize: the Congo Free State, a personal possession rather than a colony. This episode explores how Leopold used humanitarian rhetoric to mask a regime of brutal exploitation, focusing on the rubber terror that gripped the region in the late 19th century. We examine the role of the Force Publique, led by officers like Major Bartels and Captain Van Gèle, who enforced quotas through mutilation and hostage-taking. The narrative also highlights the resistance and suffering of the Congolese people, particularly under the rule of chiefs coerced into compliance, and the eventual international outcry sparked by journalists like E.D. Morel and Roger Casement. By following the trail from Stanley Falls to Boma, we uncover the economic mechanics of the rubber trade and the diplomatic maneuvering that finally forced Leopold to relinquish control to the Belgian government in 1908. #CongoFreeState #LeopoldII #KingLeopold #RubberTerror #CongoHistory #BerlinConference #BelgianColonialism #HenryStanley #EddieMorel #RogerCasement #ForcePublique #CongoRiver #BomaCongo #StanleyPool #CongoBasin #19thCenturyAfrica #ScrambleForAfrica #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

How the Berlin Conference Redrew Africa 11.09.2026 8dk

In 1884, Otto von Bismarck invited European powers to a table in Berlin to divide Africa without African voices. This episode explores the General Act of Berlin and the doctrine of effective occupation, which transformed colonial ambition into legal conquest. We examine how King Jaja of Opobo, Prempeh I of Ashanti, and Menelik II of Ethiopia navigated this new reality. From the Niger Delta's palm oil trade to the highlands of Abyssinia, we see how local leaders resisted or adapted to the rigid borders drawn by distant diplomats. The conversation highlights the human cost of these arbitrary lines and the fierce diplomatic maneuvering that followed. #ScrambleForAfrica #BerlinConference #OttoVonBismarck #LeopoldII #GeneralActOfBerlin #EffectiveOccupation #KingJajaOfOpobo #PrempehI #MenelikII #EthiopiaHistory #AshantiEmpire #RoyalNigerCompany #AfricanResistance #ColonialBorders #GermanEastAfrica #FrenchWestAfrica #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa 10.09.2026 11dk

While earlier episodes have explored specific resistances like the Aro Oracle Wars, the Ashanti Golden Stool, and Ethiopia’s victory at Adwa, this episode zooms out to the diplomatic machinery that made colonial conquest possible: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. We examine how Otto von Bismarck invited fourteen European powers and the United States to a grand hotel in Berlin not to conquer Africa themselves, but to regulate the competition. Lucas walks us through the General Act of Berlin, detailing the controversial 'effective occupation' principle that turned diplomatic ink into violent reality on the ground. Luna asks about the absent African voices and the logistical nightmares that followed the signing. Together, they trace how these drawn borders ignored ethnic lines and river systems, setting the stage for centuries of conflict. From Gustav Nachtigal’s treaties to the geopolitical chess game between Britain, France, and Germany, this conversation reveals how a room full of diplomats in suits redrew the map of a continent while its people were excluded from the table entirely. #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #OttoVonBismarck #GeneralActOfBerlin #EffectiveOccupation #Kongokonferenz #GustavNachtigal #LeopoldII #Westafrika #Kamerun #Togoland #ColonialBorders #AfricanHistory #EuropeanImperialism #DiplomacyInHistory #MapDrawing #19thCenturyPolitics #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Ashanti Golden Stool and the Spirit of Resistance 09.09.2026 6dk

Episode 227 returns to the Kingdom of Ashanti, picking up where Episode 213 left off with Prempeh I. We explore the spiritual and political weight of the Golden Stool, or Sika Dwa Kofi, which was not merely a throne but the soul of the nation. The episode details how British forces under Frederick Hutson demanded its surrender in 1900, leading to the War of the Golden Stool. We examine the role of Yaa Asantewaa, who rallied the warriors when male leaders were exiled, and analyze the famous speech that ignited the conflict. Through the lens of this uprising, we see how Ashanti identity survived colonial occupation, contrasting military defeat with cultural resilience. Listeners will encounter specific dates from late 1900, locations like Kumasi and the British Governor's palace, and the nuanced relationship between spiritual authority and political leadership in pre-colonial West Africa. #AshantiEmpire #YaaAsantewaa #GoldenStool #WarOfTheGoldenStool #Kumasi #FrederickHutson #PrempehI #BritishColonialism #AfricanResistance #SikaDwaKofi #WestAfricaHistory #19thCenturyAfrica #Imperialism #GhanaHistory #AshantiCulture #ColonialHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Boer War's Concentration Camps 08.09.2026 7dk

While the Battle of Spion Kop and the guerrilla tactics of Louis Botha dominate military histories, the true horror of the Second Anglo-Boer War lay in British civilian policy. This episode explores the creation of concentration camps by Lord Roberts and Kitchener, where thousands of Boer women and children, alongside tens of thousands of Black Africans, perished from disease and starvation. We examine the political pressure that forced Britain to acknowledge the crisis, the role of Emily Hobhouse in exposing the conditions, and how these events shattered the myth of benevolent empire, leaving a legacy of trauma that would shape South African politics for generations. #SecondAngloBoerWar #ConcentrationCamps #EmilyHobhouse #LordKitchener #LouisBotha #SouthAfricanHistory #BritishEmpire #BoerWar #MilitaryHistory #Colonialism #WarCrimes #AfrikanerHistory #ImperialPolicy #LucasAndLuna #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #HumanRights #19thCentury Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

Samori Ture's Guerrilla War Against France 07.09.2026 9dk

While Europe’s diplomats drew lines at the Berlin Conference, Samori Ture was fighting a decade-long war to preserve his empire in West Africa. This episode explores the rise of the Wassoulou Empire and how its founder, Samori Ture, modernized his military with French weapons bought from traders, turning European technology against colonial invaders. We trace his tactical retreats across Guinea, Mali, and Ivory Coast, his establishment of a centralized state with a merit-based administration, and the brutal final campaign that led to his capture by French forces in 1898. Unlike many contemporaries who fell quickly to superior firepower, Samori Ture utilized guerrilla warfare, scorched earth tactics, and diplomatic maneuvering to delay colonization for nearly twenty years. The story highlights the complexity of African resistance, moving beyond simple narratives of conquest to show the strategic brilliance and eventual tragedy of one of Africa’s most formidable leaders. #SamoriTure #WassoulouEmpire #FrenchWestAfrica #ColonialResistance #GuineaHistory #MaliHistory #IvoryCoastHistory #19thCenturyAfrica #ScrambleForAfrica #AsanteWar #MajesticEmpire #FrenchColonialism #AfricanLeaders #GuerrillaWarfare #Bissandougou #NigerRiver #FethiElKhadour #LafargeMission #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Battle of Omdurman: Kitchener's Massacre 06.09.2026 8dk

In this episode, we look past the British triumph at Omdurman in 1898 to examine the brutal reality of imperial conquest. We focus on General Herbert Kitchener’s modernization of warfare and his cold calculation of casualties against the Mahdist forces. Lucas and Luna discuss how the Maxim gun changed the nature of colonial conflict, turning battles into executions rather than contests of valor. You will hear about the specific tactics used by the Ansar warriors, the role of Lord Kitchener in consolidating British control over Sudan, and the immediate aftermath that saw thousands killed for a relatively small number of British losses. This conversation explores the ethical cost of technological superiority and how the victory at Omdurman effectively ended large-scale organized resistance in North Africa. We also touch upon the complex legacy of the Mahdist state, founded by Muhammad Ahmad, and why its defeat was so decisive for the future of the region. #BattleOfOmdurman #HerbertKitchener #MahdistWar #SudanHistory #MaximGun #Ansar #MuhammadAhmad #BritishEmpire #ColonialAfrica #Imperialism #MilitaryHistory #VictorianEra #AfricanResistance #ModernWarfare #ScrambleForAfrica #NorthAfrica #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Mahdist Revolt: Sudan's War Against Britain 05.09.2026 7dk

In 1881, a self-proclaimed prophet named Muhammad Ahmad declared jihad against the Turco-Egyptian rulers of Sudan and the British Empire. What began as a local religious uprising quickly became one of the most devastating colonial wars in African history, culminating in the death of General Charles Gordon at Khartoum. This episode explores the rise of the Mahdi, his charismatic leadership that united disparate tribes under the banner of Islamic reform, and the brutal military campaigns that followed. We examine how the Mahdist state resisted European encroachment for nearly two decades, challenging the notion of inevitable European dominance during the Scramble for Africa. Through the stories of figures like Kitchener and the Mahdi himself, we uncover a complex narrative of faith, resistance, and geopolitical miscalculation that reshaped the Nile Valley. #MahdistWar #MuhammadAhmad #Khartoum #CharlesGordon #SudanHistory #BritishEmpire #IslamicJihad #TurcoEgyptian #Hermes #Omdurman #HerbertKitchener #Cairo #NileValley #ColonialResistance #19thCenturyAfrica #ScrambleForAfrica #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Maji Maji Rebellion: Africa's War Against German Rule 04.09.2026 10dk

In 1905, a massive uprising erupted in German East Africa that European powers barely acknowledged. This episode explores the Maji Maji Rebellion, a conflict where diverse ethnic groups united under the spiritual leadership of Kinjikitile Ngwale. We trace how the German colonial administration’s brutal cotton policies ignited a war that would cost tens of thousands of lives. The narrative follows the spread of the 'magic water' belief, the strategic use of scorched earth tactics by Governor von Liebert, and the eventual suppression of the revolt. Unlike previous episodes focusing on individual kings or diplomatic treaties, this story centers on collective resistance and the devastating humanitarian crisis that followed. We examine the role of the Ngoni warriors, the collapse of traditional authority structures, and how this rebellion fundamentally altered Germany’s approach to colonial governance. Listeners will discover the specific dates of key battles, the names of local leaders who defied imperial forces, and the long-term cultural impact on modern Tanzania. The conversation also touches upon the international press coverage at the time and how these events influenced later anti-colonial movements across the continent. #MajiMajiRebellion #GermanEastAfrica #KinjikitileNgwale #TanzaniaHistory #ColonialResistance #ScrambleForAfrica #VonLiebert #NgoniWarriors #CottonPolicy #AfricanEmpire #WorldHistory #AntiColonialism #GermanColonialism #EastAfricanHistory #SpiritualLeadership #ScorchedEarth #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #HistoricalEvents #AfricanResistance Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

How African Kingdoms Played Europe Against Itself 03.09.2026 9dk

This episode explores the diplomatic maneuvering of African rulers during the late nineteenth century, focusing on how states like Buganda, Zanzibar, and Ethiopia navigated the encroaching imperial powers. We examine the strategic alliances formed between King Mwanga II of Buganda and British agents, the complex trade relationships in Zanzibar under Sultan Barghash, and the military modernization that allowed Menelik II to resist Italian colonization. By looking at these specific case studies, we move beyond the narrative of passive victimhood to reveal a continent where local leaders actively manipulated European rivalries, played off French against British interests, and leveraged their own geopolitical positions to maintain sovereignty for as long as possible. The discussion highlights the role of individual agency, the impact of internal succession crises on foreign policy, and the tragic irony that many of these diplomatic successes ultimately facilitated deeper colonial penetration rather than preventing it. Listeners will encounter detailed accounts of treaties signed in Nairobi, secret negotiations in Cairo, and the personal correspondences of kings who understood the balance of power better than many contemporary European ministers. #ScrambleForAfrica #BugandaKingdom #MwangaII #ZanzibarSultanate #BarghashBinSaif #MenelikII #EthiopianEmpire #ImperialDiplomacy #AfricanHistory #Colonialism #BerlinConference #BritishEastAfrica #GermanEastAfrica #TreatyOfWuchale #IndirectRule #AfricanAgency #19thCenturyAfrica #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The Treaty of Bardo: How France Colonized Tunisia 02.09.2026 9dk

While the Berlin Conference divided Africa on paper, France’s conquest of Tunisia happened through a blend of diplomatic pressure and military threat in 1881. This episode explores how the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad III as-Sadiq, was forced to sign the Treaty of Bardo after French troops marched into his capital. We look at the pretext of border raids from Kairouan, the role of General Paul-Amedee Courbet, and the immediate loss of Tunisian sovereignty despite the Bey remaining on his throne. Discover how this 'protectorate' model became the template for French control across North and West Africa, stripping away local autonomy under the guise of protection and reform. #TreatyOfBardo #FrenchTunisia #ScrambleForAfrica #MuhammadIIIasSadiq #PaulAmedeeCourbet #TunisianProtectorate #BerlinConference #ColonialNorthAfrica #KairouanRaids #GeneralCourbet #BeyOfTunis #FrenchImperialism #1881History #MediterraneanHistory #TunisOccupation #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #Colonialism Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

The King Who Outsmarted the Scramble: Menelik II 01.09.2026 8dk

While Europe carved up Africa at the Berlin Conference, Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia was playing a different game entirely. This episode explores how Menelik used modern diplomacy, strategic arms deals with France and Italy, and rapid industrialization to maintain his sovereignty during the height of the Scramble for Africa. We look at the Treaty of Wuchale’s controversial Article 17, which Italy claimed made Ethiopia a protectorate, and how Empress Taytu Betul helped decipher the diplomatic trap. The narrative culminates in the Battle of Adwa in 1896, where Ethiopian forces decisively defeated an Italian invasion force, becoming the only African nation to successfully resist colonial conquest through military victory. We examine the logistics of Menelik’s army, the role of Ras Makonnen, and the international shockwaves that followed Ethiopia’s triumph, reshaping the geopolitics of the Horn of Africa. #MenelikII #EmpressTaytu #BattleOfAdwa #Ethiopia #ScrambleForAfrica #TreatyOfWuchale #Article17 #ItalianEritrea #RasMakonnen #OresteBaratieri #Abyssinia #HornOfAfrica #ColonialHistory #AfricanResistance #BerlinConference #19thCenturyHistory #MilitaryStrategy #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo