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  21. Repeated games: cooperation vs. the end game 17.09.2026 1sa 22dk

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We discuss repeated games, aiming to unpack the intuition that the promise of rewards and the threat of punishment in the future of a relationship can provide incentives for good behavior today. In class, we play prisoners' dilemma twice and three times, but this fails to sustain cooperation. The problem is that, in the last stage, since there is then is future, there is no incentive to cooperate, and hence the incentives unravel from the back. We related this to the real-world problems of a lame duck leader and of maintaining incentives for those close to retirement. But it is possible to sustain good behavior in early stages of some repeated games (even if they are only played a few times) provided the stage games have two or more equilibria to be used as rewards and punishments. This may require us to play bad equilibria tomorrow. We relate this to the trade off between ex ante and ex post efficiency in the law. Finally, we play a game in which the players do not know when the game will end, and we start to consider strategies for this potentially infinitely repeated game.00:00 - Chapter 1. Repeated Interaction: Cooperation versus Defection in the Prisoner's Dilemma16:40 - Chapter 2. Repeated Interaction: The Breakdown of Cooperation and The Lame Duck Effect22:44 - Chapter 3. Repeated Interaction: Renegotiation48:31 - Chapter 4. Failure of Renegotiation: Bankruptcy Laws53:17 - Chapter 5. Repeated Interaction: The Grim Trigger StrategyComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  14. The Sovereign State: Hobbes' Leviathan 17.09.2026 51dk

  Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114)The concept of sovereignty is discussed in Hobbesian terms. For Hobbes, "the sovereign" is an office rather than a person, and can be characterized by what we have come to associate with executive power and executive authority. Hobbes' theories of laws are also addressed and the distinction he makes between "just laws" and "good laws." The lecture ends with a discussion of Hobbes' ideas in the context of the modern state.00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Hobbes' Theory of Sovereignty06:00 - Chapter 2. The Doctrine of Legal PositivIsm: The Law Is What the Sovereign Commands23:14 - Chapter 3. Hobbesian Liberalism32:10 - Chapter 4. Hobbes and the Modern StateComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses This course was recorded in Fall 2006. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  20. Democracy and Participation: Rousseau's Social Contract, I-II 17.09.2026 47dk

  Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114)The concept of "general will" is considered Rousseau's most important contribution to political science. It is presented as the answer to the gravest problems of civilization, namely, the problems of inequality, amour-propre, and general discontent. The social contract is the foundation of the general will and the answer to the problem of natural freedom, because nature itself provides no guidelines for determining who should rule. The lecture ends with Rousseau's legacy and the influence he exercised on later nineteenth-century writers and philosophers.00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Social Contract and the General Will25:04 - Chapter 2. Applications of the General Will30:54 - Chapter 3. The Legacies of RousseauComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses This course was recorded in Fall 2006. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  2.2 | Master FDA Quality System Regulation and Design Controls | Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 11dk

  In this lesson, we take a deep dive into the FDA's Quality System Regulation (CFR 820), a foundational document for medical device development. Discover why understanding its definitions and requirements is crucial, especially the critical role of design controls in ensuring compliance and safety for medical software, and how this regulation shapes the entire development process from design to documentation.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the core purpose and scope of the FDA's Quality System Regulation (CFR 820).• Grasp the concept of design controls and their application in medical software development.• Distinguish between 'verification' and 'validation' and their roles in design processes.• Learn about key documentation requirements, including design input, design output, and the design history file.• Recognize the emphasis on formal documentation and procedures ("if it wasn't documented, it never happened"). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  System Stakeholders and the Power Matrix | Connected Leadership with Peter Boyd 17.09.2026 4dk

  Bring the stakeholder matrix back, this time at the system level. Learn to map influential champions, concerned skeptics, fans, and historically overlooked groups so your strategies engage the right people without missing the voices that should be heard.Key topics:- Revisiting the stakeholder two-by-two for systems- Engaging high-influence champions and concerns- Avoiding overinvestment in naysayers- Surfacing historically overlooked groups- Power-over versus power-with thinking📚 About the Course:This course is designed to maximize your ability to create change at the individual, team and system levels. Through study, reflection, and deploying practical tools, you will establish a firm connection between your clearly articulated Purpose, effective Priorities, visualized Potential for success, and pathway to maximized Progress. But, what does that mean in practice?When you take this course, you will:Improve your ability to get the most out of life: Learn a simple practice to reflect on your purpose, clarify priorities, visualize your potential, and maximize your effectiveness at progressing towards your goals.Strengthen your leadership toolkit: Tap into your unique leadership style and strengths and join or create a community of others to maximize your potential as a team.Create change through systems thinking: Become a more effective agent of positive change and appreciate the power and complexity of system thinking.Course Takeaways:Improve your ability to get the most out of lifeStrengthen your leadership toolkitPractice and apply systems thinking to plan for change📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNezZEnhZC8dS3AvTnzOiB0Ij🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/connected-leadership🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/connected-leadership Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Visualizing System Potential With Two Icebergs | Connected Leadership with Peter Boyd 17.09.2026 3dk

  What would your system look like if it actually worked the way you want it to? Build a second iceberg for your desired reality and bridge it to the current one with the leverage points that will turn vision into change.Key topics:- Current reality iceberg recap- Sketching a desired reality iceberg- Imagining new events, trends, and beliefs- Bridging icebergs with leverage points- Getting the whole picture onto one page📚 About the Course:This course is designed to maximize your ability to create change at the individual, team and system levels. Through study, reflection, and deploying practical tools, you will establish a firm connection between your clearly articulated Purpose, effective Priorities, visualized Potential for success, and pathway to maximized Progress. But, what does that mean in practice?When you take this course, you will:Improve your ability to get the most out of life: Learn a simple practice to reflect on your purpose, clarify priorities, visualize your potential, and maximize your effectiveness at progressing towards your goals.Strengthen your leadership toolkit: Tap into your unique leadership style and strengths and join or create a community of others to maximize your potential as a team.Create change through systems thinking: Become a more effective agent of positive change and appreciate the power and complexity of system thinking.Course Takeaways:Improve your ability to get the most out of lifeStrengthen your leadership toolkitPractice and apply systems thinking to plan for change📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNezZEnhZC8dS3AvTnzOiB0Ij🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/connected-leadership🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/connected-leadership Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  14. Guest Lecture by Andrew Redleaf 17.09.2026 1sa 22dk

  Financial Markets (ECON 252)Andrew Redleaf, a Yale graduate and manager of Whitebox Advisors, a hedge fund, discusses his experience with financial markets. He addresses one of the fundamental questions in finance--whether or not markets are efficient--and concludes that although they don't seem to be efficient, beating the market is very difficult. Mr. Redleaf discusses his thoughts about psychological barriers that make markets inefficient. He also comments on his beliefs regarding risk management and how people are compensated for mitigating risks, rather than for taking on risk as is often perceived. He ends by answering several questions from students.00:00 - Chapter 1. The Markets Are Not Efficient 10:15 - Chapter 2. Psychological Factors of Market Inefficiency 25:57 - Chapter 3. Rewards Are for Risk-Mitigating, Not Risk-Taking 33:14 - Chapter 4. Issues in the Current U.S. and Global Economies 43:41 - Chapter 5. Questions: Cash and Bonds as Default Investments 01:04:35 - Chapter 6. Speculating on Backdated Options Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Spring 2008. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  8.5 | Essential Medical Software Verification and Testing Strategies | Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 15dk

  In this lesson, we explore the crucial regulatory guidance for medical software verification and testing, examining its profound implications for risk management. You'll learn how to develop a comprehensive testing plan, covering everything from initial unit tests to real-world interoperability and even user satisfaction, ensuring your medical software meets the highest standards of safety and effectiveness.🎯 Learning Objectives• Summarize regulatory guidance for medical software verification and testing.• Explain how risk classification influences medical software testing requirements.• Distinguish between unit, integration, and system testing stages for medical software.• Discuss the importance of real-world, interoperability, and user delight testing.• Outline key elements for developing a comprehensive medical software testing plan. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  8.3 | Software Testing Essentials: Finding Bugs and Ensuring Quality in Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 20dk

  Ever wondered how critical medical software is rigorously checked for errors? In this lesson, we delve into the fundamental principles of software testing, exploring its distinction from validation and why finding bugs is a continuous, essential process. We'll examine various testing methodologies from unit-level code scrutiny to comprehensive system checks, specifically considering the unique challenges and requirements within the medical domain.🎯 Learning Objectives• Differentiate software testing from validation and verification.• Explain the purpose and limitations of software testing.• Compare and contrast white box and black box testing methodologies.• Describe the different levels of software testing, including unit, integration, and system testing.• Discuss strategies for effective testing, such as reducing complexity and utilizing interactive user testing. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  Module 3 | Adrienne Abbate On Engaging the Community for Impact - Social Entrepreneurship Interview 17.09.2026 19dk

  In this compelling conversation, Adrienne Abbate, Executive Director of the Staten Island Partnership for Community Wellness (SIPCW), shares invaluable insights on the crucial role of communication and diverse partnerships in driving social impact. She discusses SIPCW's approach to engaging a wide range of stakeholders, from community leaders to directly impacted youth, to effectively address complex public health challenges like substance use and mental health.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the importance of engaging diverse stakeholders, including both “grass tops” and “grassroots” members, in social impact initiatives.• Learn how organizations leverage data and community conversations to identify needs, adapt strategies, and ensure equitable outcomes.• Explore the role of a backbone organization in fostering cross-sectoral partnerships and collective impact.• Recognize the value of continuous learning and adapting strategies based on community feedback and data analysis.📚 About the Course Have you ever wondered what it would be like to create real change? You don't have to start your own organization to make a difference in the world. Everyone can learn the social entrepreneurship mindset and skillset to build social impact. In this course, you will immerse yourself in a social or environmental challenge you want to tackle. You'll start by researching your topic of choice, talking to people, and ideating a potential solution that you can contribute. Then, you'll build a business model around that solution, understanding concepts like measuring social change, ensuring financial viability, funding and pitching. This course is a safe space to experiment and explore. You'll be guided by a ten stage framework to help structure your journey. Along the way, you'll hear from social entrepreneurs around the world through case studies and campus conversations. These include Yale alumni, members of the New Haven community, and global changemakers. Everyone is welcome to join this course! You can apply your lived, learned, or professional experience to discover how you're going to make a difference. #SocialEntrepreneurship #YaleCourse #Impact #Changemakers #BusinessPlan #DesignThinking Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  9. The Mixed Regime and the Rule of Law: Aristotle's Politics, VII 17.09.2026 52dk

  Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114)This final lecture on Aristotle focuses on controlling conflict between factions. Polity as a mixture of the principles of oligarchy and democracy, is the regime that, according to Aristotle, can most successfully control factions and avoid dominance by either extreme. Professor Smith asserts that the idea of the polity anticipates Madison's call for a government in which powers are separated and kept in check and balance, avoiding therefore the extremes of both tyranny and civil war.00:00 - Chapter 1. Polity: The Regime that Most Successfully Controls for Faction07:30 - Chapter 2. The Importance of Property and Commerce for a Flourishing Republic12:28 - Chapter 3. The Aristocratic Republic: A Model for the Best Regime26:50 - Chapter 4. What Is Aristotle's Political Science?35:21 - Chapter 5. Who Is a Statesman?37:54 - Chapter 6. The Method of Aristotle's Political ScienceComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses This course was recorded in Fall 2006. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  6.4 | Mastering the SRS: Your Medical Software Project's Blueprint | Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 6dk

  Have you ever wondered what bridges the gap between abstract user needs and the concrete design of a medical software system? In this lesson, we delve into the Systems Requirement Specification (SRS), the master document that transforms informal discoveries into structured, actionable requirements, serving as the foundational blueprint for your entire medical software project.🎯 Learning Objectives• Define the Systems Requirement Specification (SRS) and its critical role in the software development lifecycle.• Explain how the SRS acts as a bridge, translating abstract user needs into concrete system requirements.• Identify the various downstream project documents that rely on the SRS as their primary input.• Discuss the dual considerations of patient safety/clinical factors and technology aspects in medical software SRS.• Understand the importance of comprehensive stakeholder involvement in the SRS development process. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  19. Resistance 17.09.2026 56dk

  France Since 1871 (HIST 276)If the extent of French collaboration during World War II has been obscured, so too has the nature of resistance. Although the communist Left represented the core of the resistance movement, resistors came from any different backgrounds, including in their ranks Catholics, Protestants, Jews and socialists. Unlike the relationship between de-Christianization and right-wing politics, in the case of the resistance there is no clear correlation between regional locations and cells of resistors. It has been argued that the definition of resistance itself should be broadened to include the many acts of passive resistance carried out by French civilians during the occupation.00:00 - Chapter 1. Jews in Vichy France10:35 - Chapter 2. Mitterrand's Confession13:01 - Chapter 3. The Resistance: Roots in the Existing Communist Organization24:40 - Chapter 4. Religious Resistance Movements: The Jewish Underground and the Protestant Adoptions30:18 - Chapter 5. Defining Resistance: Mapping the Grey Areas39:04 - Chapter 6. Regional Resistance? The Lack of Geographic DeterminismComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  23. Asymmetric information: silence, signaling and suffering education 17.09.2026 1sa 17dk

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We look at two settings with asymmetric information; one side of a game knows something that the other side does not. We should always interpret attempts to communicate or signal such information taking into account the incentives of the person doing the signaling. In the first setting, information is verifiable. Here, the failure explicitly to reveal information can be informative, and hence verifiable information tends to come out even when you don't want it to. We consider examples of such information unraveling. Then we move to unverifiable information. Here, it is hard to convey such information even if you want to. Nevertheless, differentially costly signals can sometimes provide incentives for agents with different information to distinguish themselves. In particular, we consider how the education system can allow future workers to signal their abilities. We discuss some implications of this rather pessimistic view of education.00:00 - Chapter 1. Asymmetric Information: Signaling and Information Unraveling16:48 - Chapter 2. Information Unraveling: Examples35:07 - Chapter 3. Signaling: Good and Bad Workers59:36 - Chapter 4. Signaling: Conclusions Complete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  24. Asymmetric information: auctions and the winner's curse 17.09.2026 1sa 9dk

  Game Theory (ECON 159)We discuss auctions. We first distinguish two extremes: common values and private values. We hold a common value auction in class and discover the winner's curse, the winner tends to overpay. We discuss why this occurs and how to avoid it: you should bid as if you knew that your bid would win; that is, as if you knew your initial estimate of the common value was the highest. This leads you to bid much below your initial estimate. Then we discuss four forms of auction: first-price sealed-bid, second-price sealed-bid, open ascending, and open descending auctions. We discuss bidding strategies in each auction form for the case when values are private. Finally, we start to discuss which auction forms generate higher revenues for the seller, but a proper analysis of this will have to await the next course.00:00 - Chapter 1. Auctions: Common versus Private Values08:16 - Chapter 2. Auctions: Winner's Curse in the First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction42:38 - Chapter 3. Auctions: Other Types of Auction58:35 - Chapter 4. Auctions: Revenue Generation in Different Types of AuctionsComplete course materials are available at the Yale Online website: online.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  2. The Dark Ages 17.09.2026 1sa 14dk

  Introduction to Ancient Greek History (CLCV 205)In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the earliest history of Greek civilization. He demonstrates how small agricultural enclaves eventually turned into great cities of power and wealth in the Bronze Age, taking as his examples first Minoan Crete and then Mycenaean Greece. He also argues that these civilizations were closely related to the great monarchies of the ancient Near East. He points out that the Mycenaean age eventually came to an abrupt end probably through a process of warfare and migration. Reconstructing the Mycenaean age is possible through archaeological evidence and through epic poetry (Homer). Finally, he provides an account of the collapse of the Mycenaean world, and explains how in its aftermath, the Greeks were poised to start their civilization over on a new slate.00:00 - Chapter 1. The Minoan Civilization08:58 - Chapter 2. Mycenaean Language and Writing16:07 - Chapter 3. The Citadel, Farmland, Burials and the Oil Trade26:29 - Chapter 4. Cultural Unity, Agriculture, Religious Authority33:41 - Chapter 5. Society and Economy39:05 - Chapter 6. Theories about the Fall of the Mycenaean World56:52 - Chapter 7. Results of the FallComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  11. The Miltonic Smile 17.09.2026 52dk

  Milton (ENGL 220)Milton's characteristic use of simile is explored in Books One and Two of Paradise Lost. Particular attention is paid to how Milton's similes work to support, undermine, and complicate both the depiction of Satan and the broader thematic concerns of the poem, such as the ideas of free will and divine providence. The critical perspectives of Geoffrey Hartman and Stanley Fish are incorporated into an analysis of Satan's shield and spear and the simile of the leaves.00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Similes in "Paradise Lost"03:36 - Chapter 2. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Satan's Shield Compared to the Moon17:05 - Chapter 3. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Satan's Spear Compared to the Mast of a Ship22:38 - Chapter 4. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Simile of the Leaves34:18 - Chapter 5. Hartman and Fish: Theories of Similes in "Paradise Lost"40:34 - Chapter 6. Similes in "Paradise Lost": Simile of the Belated PeasantComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/coursesThis course was recorded in Fall 2007. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  9.1 | From Coin Flips to Clinical Trials: Introduction to Probability - Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 15dk

  Why is probability essential for medical software development? In this lesson, we take a crucial detour from the software lifecycle to explore the mathematical foundations of probability and statistics. We'll introduce key concepts from an engineering perspective, demonstrating their application in critical areas like signal detection and the design of robust clinical trials and validation studies, which are vital for reliable medical software.🎯 Learning Objectives• Distinguish between deterministic and stochastic systems in an engineering context.• Define and differentiate between discrete and continuous probability density functions (PDFs).• Explain the application of probability in medical software, including signal detection and clinical trial design.• Understand the concepts of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and survival functions.• Identify and interpret multivariate probability distributions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  7.2 | The Ultimate Software Design Document Template Guide - Medical Software Course 17.09.2026 19dk

  In this lesson, we dive into a detailed template for the Software Design Document (SDD), an essential component in medical software development. We explore each section, including foundational elements like cover pages and overviews, to critical design aspects such as workflow descriptions, module architecture, and user interface outlines. The lesson also emphasizes the strategic management of external dependencies, considerations for open-source software, and the vital role of packaging, labeling, and continuous risk management throughout the design process.🎯 Learning Objectives• Identify the essential sections and structure of a Software Design Document (SDD) template.• Explain the key elements of the "big picture design," including workflow descriptions, module architecture, and user interface considerations.• Discuss strategies for managing external software dependencies, particularly concerning open-source libraries and licensing.• Summarize the importance of packaging, labeling, and continuous risk management throughout the medical software design lifecycle. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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  2.5 | Navigating Medical Software Regulations: Your Guide to Approval (Medical Software Course) 17.09.2026 20dk

  Are you ready to navigate the intricate landscape of medical software approval? This lesson delves into the regulatory processes governing medical software, highlighting key considerations from initial agency review to market release. We'll cover how risk classification impacts approval pathways and explore distinct regulatory frameworks in the United States, European Union, and China.🎯 Learning Objectives• Understand the core principles regulatory agencies apply when reviewing medical software, focusing on efficacy, safety, and security.• Differentiate between device classifications (Class I, II, III) and their corresponding review processes, including 510k, De Novo, and Pre-Market Approval (PMA) in the US.• Explain the distinctions and applications of general controls and special controls in medical device regulation.• Compare and contrast the regulatory frameworks and approval processes for medical software in the United States (FDA), European Union (MDR), and China (NMPA). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices