The Ottoman Empire: How It Ruled Three Continents for 600 Years — Fexingo History

Épisodes

• Kara Mustafa Pasha The Grand Vizier Who Lost Vienna 08.07.2026 8min

  In 1683, the Ottoman Empire's finest army in a generation marched on Vienna. Leading it was Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, a grand vizier of immense ambition and fatal pride. This episode follows the siege from the Ottoman perspective: the strategic miscalculations, the critical delay at Bécs, the arrival of Jan Sobieski's winged hussars, and the catastrophic defeat that shattered the myth of Ottoman invincibility. We explore Kara Mustafa's background as a product of the Köprülü reform era, his rivalry with his predecessor Fazıl Ahmed, the logistics of a 150,000-man army, and the brutal execution that followed failure. Along the way, we touch on the ongoing Great Turkish War, the Holy League alliance, and the lasting consequences for Central Europe and the Balkans. #KaraMustafaPasha #SiegeOfVienna #1683 #OttomanEmpire #HolyRomanEmpire #JanSobieski #Köprülü #GreatTurkishWar #HolyLeague #WingedHussars #GrandVizier #MilitaryHistory #CentralEurope #Balkans #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanHistory #Siege Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Pirate Admiral: Barbaros Hayreddin 08.07.2026 8min

  How did a pirate become the most feared admiral in the Mediterranean and transform the Ottoman navy into a superpower? This episode follows the extraordinary career of Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha, from his early days as a corsair on the Aegean to his appointment as Kapudan Pasha under Süleyman the Magnificent. We explore his capture of Algiers, his alliance with the Ottoman sultan, his decisive victory at the Battle of Preveza in 1538, and his lasting legacy in naval warfare. Along the way, we meet his brother Oruç Reis, his rival Andrea Doria, and examine how a network of corsair captains became the backbone of Ottoman seapower. We also look at the innovative ship designs and tactics that gave the Ottomans dominance for decades. #BarbarosHayreddin #OttomanEmpire #NavalHistory #Mediterranean #Pirates #KapudanPasha #Preveza1538 #OrucReis #AndreaDoria #SuleymanTheMagnificent #Algiers #Corsairs #GalleyWarfare #BarbaryCoast #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanNavy #MaritimeHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Lost Sons: Prince Cem and the Great Power Game 07.07.2026 6min

  This episode of Fexingo History dives into the dramatic story of Prince Cem Sultan, the younger son of Mehmed the Conqueror who fled to Rhodes after failing to seize the Ottoman throne in 1481. His brother Bayezid II paid the Knights Hospitaller a massive annual pension to keep Cem imprisoned across Europe—first in France, then in the Vatican under Pope Innocent VIII. For over a decade, Cem became a pawn in European courts, a living hostage whose existence threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire. Lucas and Luna explore how Cem's captivity influenced Bayezid's foreign policy, sparked a crusade that never materialised, and even linked to figures like Charles VIII of France and the Ottoman naval awakening. They also examine the legend of Cem's poison tooth and the diplomatic gamesmanship that made a prince the most valuable prisoner in Renaissance Europe. A tale of ambition, brotherly rivalry, and the harsh realities of Ottoman succession politics. #OttomanEmpire #PrinceCem #CemSultan #BayezidII #KnightsHospitaller #Rhodes #Vatican #InnocentVIII #CharlesVIII #OttomanHistory #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEastHistory #EuropeanDiplomacy #SuccessionCrisis #HostageDiplomacy #Renaissance #OttomanSuccession Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Poisoned Prince: How Mustafa's Execution Shattered the Ottoman Empire 07.07.2026 7min

  In 1553, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent ordered the execution of his own son and heir, Şehzade Mustafa, on charges of treason. This episode explores the dramatic events surrounding Mustafa's death — a prince beloved by the Janissaries and the people, whose execution triggered a crisis of legitimacy that haunted the empire for generations. We trace the political intrigue behind the decision: the influence of Hürrem Sultan and Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha, the complex relationship between Süleyman and his eldest son, and the rebellion of Mustafa's half-brother Şehzade Bayezid that followed. Drawing on contemporary accounts from the Venetian bailo Bernardo Navagero and the Ottoman historian Mustafa Âlî, we examine how the succession system of the Ottoman Empire — with its practice of fratricide — created a cycle of parricide and betrayal. We also look at the cultural legacy of Mustafa as a tragic hero in Turkish literature and opera, and ask whether this execution marked the beginning of the empire's long decline. This is the story of a father's choice, a prince's fate, and a dynasty's darkest hour. #ŞehzadeMustafa #SüleymanTheMagnificent #OttomanEmpire #HürremSultan #RüstemPasha #SuccessionCrisis #Fratricide #ŞehzadeBayezid #Janissaries #Amasya #Konya #Ereğli #MustafaÂlî #BernardoNavagero #TragicHero #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Female Diplomats: Kösem Sultan's Secret Network 06.07.2026 6min

  When you think of Ottoman diplomacy, you probably imagine viziers and pashas. But some of the most effective diplomatic networks were run by women in the harem. This episode zooms in on Kösem Sultan, the most powerful valide sultan of the 17th century, and reveals how she built a shadow intelligence network that spanned from the palace corridors to the courts of Venice, France, and Safavid Persia. We explore the role of the kira — Jewish female intermediaries who served as secret envoys — and how Kösem used them to negotiate treaties, influence succession, and even order assassinations. Drawing on the accounts of Venetian bailos and Ottoman chroniclers like Naima, we piece together a story of whispered messages, coded letters, and political marriages that shaped the empire at its peak. This is the unseen side of Ottoman power: the women who ruled from the shadows. #KösemSultan #OttomanEmpire #ValideSultan #Harem #Kira #OttomanDiplomacy #FemaleSpies #17thCentury #TopkapıPalace #VenetianBailo #Naima #SultanateOfWomen #OttomanIntelligence #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #WomenInHistory #ShadowNetwork Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Selim the Grim: How a Ruthless Sultan Forged the Ottoman Empire 06.07.2026 6min

  Selim I, known as Selim the Grim, was one of the most transformative yet brutal sultans in Ottoman history. In just eight years, he tripled the empire's territory, conquered the Mamluk Sultanate, seized the caliphate, and opened the door to ruling the Muslim world. But how did he do it, and at what cost? This episode dives into Selim's ruthless rise, his military campaigns against the Safavids and Mamluks, his naval buildup in the Red Sea, and his controversial claim to the caliphate. We explore how Selim's conquest of Cairo brought the Abbasid caliph under Ottoman control, the Ottoman-Portuguese rivalry in the Indian Ocean, and the bureaucratic absorption of Mamluk institutions. We also touch on Selim's legacy: his son Suleiman the Magnificent inherited an empire transformed, but Selim's harsh methods sowed long-term problems. Featuring terms like Yavuz Sultan Selim, al-Mutawakkil III, Ridaniya, Mamluk, Caliph, Kızılbaş, Portuguese blockade, and Indian Ocean trade. #OttomanEmpire #SelimI #YavuzSultanSelim #MamlukSultanate #Caliphate #SafavidEmpire #Chaldiran #Ridaniya #Cairo #RedSea #PortugueseEmpire #IndianOcean #Janissaries #Kizilbas #History #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #Empire Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Kösem Sultan: The Ottoman Queen Who Ran an Empire 05.07.2026 6min

  Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary life of Kösem Sultan, the most powerful woman in Ottoman history. From her capture as a Greek slave girl to becoming regent for her sons and grandson, Kösem wielded unprecedented influence during the 17th century's 'Sultanate of Women.' They discuss her political maneuvering, her patronage of public works, and her violent assassination in the Topkapı Palace harem. The episode covers why she was known as 'the mother of the faithful,' how she navigated volatile Janissary politics, and whether she was a ruthless power broker or a stabilizing force for the empire. Along the way, Lucas offers vivid details about the harem's internal politics, the role of the valide sultan, and the tensions between palace women and the grand viziers. #KosemSultan #OttomanEmpire #ValideSultan #SultanateOfWomen #Harem #TopkapiPalace #Janissaries #MuradIV #IbrahimI #MehmedIV #OsmanII #17thCentury #Regency #FemalePower #OttomanHistory #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Naval Arsenal: How Galata Built a Maritime Dynasty 05.07.2026 6min

  In this episode of The Ottoman Empire, Lucas and Luna explore the empire's naval backbone: the Tersane-i Amire, the imperial shipyard in Galata. From the reign of Bayezid II through Süleyman the Magnificent, they trace how Ottoman shipwrights combined Greek, Venetian, and Turkish traditions to build galleys and galleons that dominated the Mediterranean for centuries. The conversation covers the recruitment of Greek corsairs like Kemal Reis, the adoption of lateen sails and gunpowder cannons, and the logistical genius of the arsenal that could launch a fleet in weeks. They also touch on the Battle of Preveza (1538), Barbaros Hayreddin's tactics, and the economic pressures that eventually turned the tide. A story of innovation, adaptation, and the unsung craftsmen who made Ottoman naval power possible. #OttomanEmpire #NavalHistory #TersaneiAmire #Galata #BarbarosHayreddin #KemalReis #BattleOfPreveza #Shipbuilding #MediterraneanHistory #Galleys #Galleons #SuleimanTheMagnificent #BayezidII #OttomanNavy #MaritimeHistory #History #FexingoHistory #MENAHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Sweet Obsession: Sugar and the Rise of the Palace Kitchen 04.07.2026 6min

  Sugar was more than a sweetener—it was a symbol of imperial power and control. This episode explores how the Ottoman court's insatiable appetite for sugar shaped palace culture, from extravagant sugar sculptures at circumcision feasts to the rise of the iconic Turkish delight (lokum). We trace the journey of sugar from Indian and Persian methods to the imperial kitchens of Topkapı, where master confectioners (helvacı) created intricate sweets for sultans, diplomats, and religious festivals. Learn about the sugar trade routes, the role of the helvahane (confectionery workshop) as a center of innovation, and how sugar consumption trickled down to coffeehouses, fueling social rituals. We also uncover the story of the 'sugar tax' and the booming sugar industry in Ottoman Egypt and Cyprus. This episode reveals a lesser-known dimension of Ottoman cultural and economic history—one that still influences how we enjoy sweets today. #OttomanEmpire #SugarHistory #TurkishDelight #TopkapiPalace #Helvahane #OttomanCuisine #Lokum #SultanMehmedII #OttomanTrade #EgyptSugar #CyprusSugar #FoodHistory #ImperialKitchens #CircumcisionFeast #Coffeehouse #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Hürrem Sultan: The Slave Who Became Suleiman's Equal 04.07.2026 6min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary life of Hürrem Sultan, the Ruthenian slave girl who rose to become the legal wife of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history. They discuss her origins as Roxelana, captured in a Crimean slave raid and sold to the imperial harem; how she captivated Suleiman through intelligence and charm, breaking tradition by bearing him multiple sons; her political rivalry with Mahidevran Sultan and Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha; and her unprecedented role in diplomacy, including her famous letters to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. The episode also covers her patronage of architecture, notably the Hürrem Sultan Hamam and the charitable complex in Jerusalem. Lucas and Luna examine the controversy surrounding her influence—was she a manipulative schemer or a savvy survivor navigating a ruthless court?—and how her legacy shifted the power dynamics of the Ottoman dynasty, paving the way for the Sultanate of Women. #HürremSultan #Roxelana #SuleimanTheMagnificent #OttomanEmpire #Harem #TopkapiPalace #IbrahimPasha #Mahidevran #SultanateOfWomen #MimarSinan #CrimeanSlaveTrade #PolishLithuanianCommonwealth #SigismundIIAugustus #HürremSultanHamam #Jerusalem #16thCentury #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Sultan Bayezid II and the Ottoman Naval Awakening 03.07.2026 6min

  After the turmoil of the civil war with his brother Cem, Sultan Bayezid II turned his attention to the sea. This episode explores how Bayezid II — often overshadowed by his father Mehmed II and his son Selim I — became the architect of the Ottoman navy. We trace the creation of the Imperial Arsenal, the appointment of Kemal Reis as the first great Ottoman admiral, and the key naval battles that shifted Ottoman strategy from land to sea. Bayezid's patronage of the navy, his use of corsairs like the Barbarossa brothers, and his shipbuilding innovations set the stage for later Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean. We also examine how a seemingly quiet sultan transformed an inland beylik into a maritime power, laying the foundation for the age of Hayreddin Barbarossa. Along the way, we touch on the Venetian-Ottoman wars, the role of Greek shipwrights, and the strategic importance of the Aegean and Adriatic. #OttomanEmpire #SultanBayezidII #OttomanNavy #KemalReis #NavalHistory #Mediterranean #ImperialArsenal #Barbarossa #VenetianOttomanWars #AegeanSea #Adriatic #Shipbuilding #Corsairs #Galley #15thCentury #History #FexingoHistory #MaritimeHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Last Sultan: Mehmed VI and the End of a Dynasty 03.07.2026 6min

  In 1922, after over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire came to an end. This episode focuses on its final ruler, Sultan Mehmed VI, who reigned from 1918 to 1922 during the empire's death throes. We explore how he ascended the throne amid World War I defeat, his struggles with the Allied occupation of Istanbul, the rise of Mustafa Kemal's nationalist movement in Ankara, and his ultimate exile. Learn about the abolition of the sultanate in November 1922, the flight of Mehmed VI aboard the British warship HMS Malaya, and the final irony: the last Ottoman sultan died in exile in Sanremo, Italy, in 1926. We also touch on the fate of the Ottoman dynasty after the caliphate's abolition in 1924, including the exile of over 100 princes and princesses. This is a story of the end of an era, told through the lens of its last sovereign. #OttomanEmpire #MehmedVI #Sultan #AbolitionOfSultanate #TurkishWarOfIndependence #MustafaKemalAtaturk #AlliedOccupation #Istanbul #Ankara #Exile #Sanremo #OttomanDynasty #Caliphate #WorldWarI #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #LastSultan Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Rise of the Köprülü Viziers: Saving the Ottoman Empire 02.07.2026 6min

  In the mid-17th century, the Ottoman Empire was in crisis: military defeats, economic collapse, and a paralyzed government. Into this chaos stepped the Köprülü family, a dynasty of grand viziers who restored order through ruthless reform. This episode traces the rise of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, an elderly Albanian bureaucrat who took power in 1656 and launched a brutal campaign against corruption, rebellion, and foreign threats. We explore his siege of Crete, his purge of unruly janissaries, and the controversial methods that earned him both fear and grudging respect. Then we follow his son, Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, who continued the family's legacy with campaigns against the Habsburgs and a more moderate approach. The Köprülü era offers a window into how empires can reform from within—and the costs of that survival. We discuss key battles like the Battle of Saint Gotthard, the siege of Candia, and the political maneuvering behind the scenes. Why did a dynasty of viziers emerge at this moment? And what does their story tell us about resilience and authoritarianism? Join us for a deep dive into one of the Ottoman Empire's most dramatic periods of renewal. #Köprülü #OttomanEmpire #GrandVizier #MehmedPasha #FazılAhmedPasha #Crete #Candia #Janissary #Reform #SeventeenthCentury #Habsburg #Venice #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanReform #Balkans #Mediterranean #EmpireInCrisis Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Ottoman Coffee: From Banned Drink to Empire-Wide Obsession 02.07.2026 5min

  Long before Starbucks, the Ottoman Empire had a love affair with coffee that sparked a cultural revolution. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the journey of kahve from the Sufi lodges of Yemen to the bustling kahvehanes of Istanbul. They explore how a drink deemed 'intoxicating' by conservative clerics nearly got banned by Sultan Murad IV, only to become the lifeblood of intellectual debate and political plotting. Along the way, they uncover the role of coffeehouses as unofficial parliaments, the explosion of the Tulip Era, and how the Ottoman coffee ritual shaped global cafe culture. From the first Yemini beans to the ritual of the kahveci and the legacy of the Turkish coffee fortune-teller, this episode serves up a steaming cup of history. Perfect for anyone who's ever wondered how a simple beverage can brew revolution. #OttomanCoffee #Kahve #CoffeeHistory #SultanMuradIV #TulipEra #AhmedIII #Kahvehane #SufiCoffee #Yemen #Istanbul #PatronaHalil #CafeCulture #TurkishCoffee #OttomanEmpire #History #FexingoHistory #FoodHistory #DrinkHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• How Sultan Murad II Built the Ottoman Military State 01.07.2026 8min

  Before Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, his father Murad II rebuilt the Ottoman army and navy after near-collapse during the Interregnum. This episode follows Murad's campaigns in the Balkans and Anatolia, his pioneering use of the Dardanelles artillery blockade, and the creation of the Janissary corps as a standing professional force. We examine the Battle of Varna (1444) where Murad's tactical brilliance crushed a Hungarian-led crusade, the controversial treaty of Edirne-Segedin, and how his military reforms enabled the young Mehmed to finally take the Byzantine capital. Drawing on accounts from Ottoman chroniclers like Aşıkpaşazade and Byzantine historian Doukas, we explore how Murad II transformed a fractured dynasty into a centralized war machine—without ever claiming the title of sultan for himself in his final years. #MuradII #OttomanEmpire #Janissaries #BattleOfVarna #Dardanelles #CrusadeOfVarna #EdirneSegedin #Aşıkpaşazade #Doukas #Balkans #Anatolia #MilitaryReform #Artillery #Sultan #15thCentury #OttomanNavy #Interregnum #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Secret Weapon: Enderun Palace School 01.07.2026 9min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Enderun, the elite palace school that trained the Ottoman Empire's administrators and military commanders. Located in Topkapı Palace's third courtyard, the Enderun recruited bright boys through devşirme and subjected them to a rigorous curriculum of languages, law, military science, and the arts. Graduates like Sokollu Mehmed Pasha rose to become Grand Viziers. The system's meritocratic ideals contrasted with the hereditary nobility of European courts, though it also bred factionalism and power struggles. The episode covers the school's history from Mehmed II's reforms to its decline in the 19th century, including the shift under Mahmud II that led to modern Western-style education. #Enderun #OttomanEmpire #Devshirme #PalaceSchool #SokolluMehmedPasha #MehmedII #TopkapiPalace #GrandVizier #OttomanAdministration #Meritocracy #OttomanHistory #Janissaries #MahmudII #Tanzimat #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast #EducationHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Janissaries: Ottoman Empire's Elite Slave Soldiers 30.06.2026 7min

  This episode explores the rise and fall of the Janissary corps, the Ottoman Empire's elite infantry recruited through the devşirme system. Lucas and Luna trace their origins under Sultan Murad I, the rigorous training in the acemi ocağı, and their transformation from loyal slave-soldiers into a powerful political faction. The conversation covers key turning points: the Janissaries' role in the conquest of Constantinople, their adoption of muskets and abandonment of bows, their luxurious 'Chinili Köşk' barracks, and their eventual threat to the sultanate. It ends with the Auspicious Incident of 1826, when Mahmud II orchestrated their massacre to break their power. Specific terms include devşirme, acemi ocağı, yeniçeri ağası, and Bektaşi order. #OttomanEmpire #Janissaries #Devşirme #MuradI #MehmedII #MahmudII #AuspiciousIncident #Yeniçeri #Bektaşi #AcemiOcağı #Constantinople #SuleimanTheMagnificent #JanissaryRevolt #OttomanMilitary #MilitaryHistory #Slavery #EliteSoldiers #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• How Süleyman the Lawgiver Shaped Ottoman Justice 30.06.2026 6min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the legal legacy of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, known in Turkish as Kanuni — the Lawgiver. They discuss how Süleyman and his chief jurist Ebussuud Efendi harmonized the sultan's secular decrees (kanun) with Islamic sharia to create a unified legal system. The conversation covers the famous 'Circle of Justice' concept, the role of the kadı (judge) in administering both codes, and how this dual system helped the empire manage its diverse populations. Specific cases include the reform of land tenure laws and the regulation of the coffee trade. They also touch on the limits of Süleyman's legalism — including his execution of his son Mustafa, which tested the boundaries of his own laws. The episode reveals how the Kanunname-i Âl-i Osman (Law Code of the House of Osman) became a model for later reforms and is still cited in Turkish legal history. #SuleimanTheMagnificent #Kanun #EbussuudEfendi #OttomanLaw #Sharia #CircleOfJustice #Kadi #OttomanEmpire #Kanunname #Lawgiver #IslamicLaw #16thCentury #Istanbul #Topkapi #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast #LegalHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Rival: Safavid Persia and the Battle of Chaldiran 1514 29.06.2026 5min

  In 1514, two Islamic empires clashed at Chaldiran in eastern Anatolia. The Ottoman sultan Selim I faced Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in a battle that shaped the Middle East for centuries. This episode explores the forces that led to war: Selim's ambition to crush Safavid influence, his crackdown on Kızılbaş supporters within the empire, and the use of firearms and field fortifications that gave the Ottomans a decisive advantage. We examine the role of the Janissaries and the new matchlock muskets, the Safavid reliance on cavalry charges, and the aftermath that solidified Ottoman control over eastern Anatolia and set a sectarian divide between Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid realms. We also discuss the long shadow of Chaldiran — how it ended Safavid expansion, forced Ismail to rebuild, and influenced the geopolitics of the Silk Road. Join Lucas and Luna as they unpack this pivotal clash of empires. #Chaldiran1514 #SelimI #ShahIsmailI #SafavidEmpire #OttomanEmpire #Kizilbas #Janissaries #MatchlockMusket #SectarianDivide #SunniShia #BattleOfChaldiran #SilkRoad #Anatolia #Tabriz #MamlukSultanate #History #MilitaryHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Ottoman Empire's Last Stand: Gallipoli 1915 29.06.2026 6min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915, a pivotal World War I battle that marked the Ottoman Empire's last great victory and a turning point in its history. They discuss the strategic importance of the Dardanelles, the role of German advisor Otto Liman von Sanders, and the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, who later founded modern Turkey. The conversation covers the Allied naval attack on March 18, 1915, the landings at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles, and the brutal trench warfare that ensued. They also touch on the evacuation, the legacy of Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and how the campaign shaped the empire's final years. Specific terms include: Dardanelles, Anzac Cove, Cape Helles, Mustafa Kemal, Otto Liman von Sanders, Nusret minefield, Chunuk Bair, and the 57th Infantry Regiment. #OttomanEmpire #Gallipoli #WWI #Dardanelles #MustafaKemal #AnzacCove #CapeHelles #ChunukBair #OttoLimanVonSanders #Nusret #57thInfantryRegiment #TrenchWarfare #1915 #BattleOfGallipoli #FexingoHistory #History #MilitaryHistory #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo