The Story of Lebanon: Trade, War, and Survival — Fexingo History

Episodi

• Beirut 1975: The Battle of the Hotels That Started a War 06.07.2026 4min

  In April 1975, a minor scuffle between militiamen in Beirut's Ain al-Rummaneh neighborhood ignited a decade and a half of civil war. This episode zooms in on the first weeks of that war — the so-called 'Battle of the Hotels' — when Beirut's luxury coastline became a frontline. Lucas and Luna walk through the geography of that spring: the Holiday Inn, the Phoenicia Intercontinental, the St. George Hotel, where snipers and masked gunmen turned tourist landmarks into bunkers. Along the way they meet the key factions — the Phalangists under Pierre Gemayel, the National Movement under Kamal Jumblatt, and the emerging Palestinian factions like Fatah and the PFLP. They discuss the role of the Lebanese Army, which disintegrated rather than take sides, and the first attempts at ceasefires, which collapsed within hours. The episode also touches on the social geography of Beirut — the East-West divide, the Holiday Inn's symbolic height, and how the war began not with a grand strategy but with busloads of displaced families and the smell of burning cars. Specific detail: the Christian Black Saturday massacres of December 1975 and the Battle of the Hotels proper, which lasted from October 1975 to March 1976. A story of how a city of cafes and beach clubs became a shooting gallery. #LebaneseCivilWar #BattleOfTheHotels #AinAlRummaneh #Beirut1975 #Phalangists #KamalJumblatt #PierreGemayel #PFLP #Fatah #HolidayInnBeirut #PhoeniciaIntercontinental #BlackSaturday #NationalMovement #LebaneseArmy #Maronite #Sunni #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1870: The Silk Boom That Built a City 06.07.2026 5min

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the silk trade transformed Beirut from a modest port into a bustling commercial hub during the 19th century. They focus on the 1870s silk boom, driven by European demand and Lebanese sericulture, and how it reshaped the city's economy, society, and architecture. The conversation highlights key figures like the Sursock family, the role of French merchants from Lyons, and the impact on Mount Lebanon's villages. They also touch on the darker side—exploitation of peasant labor and the famine of 1915 that followed the collapse of silk. This episode offers a fresh angle on Lebanon's economic history, distinct from prior episodes on politics and conflict. #SilkTrade #BeirutHistory #LebanonHistory #Sursock #Lyons #Sericulture #MountLebanon #19thCentury #EconomicHistory #OttomanEmpire #BiladAlSham #GlobalTrade #PeasantLabor #Famine #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #LebanonEconomy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1892: The Ottoman Bank Heist That Funded a Revolution 05.07.2026 7min

  In 1892, a daring robbery at the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Beirut netted 10,000 lira — and the money didn't vanish into a thief's pocket. It funded the burgeoning Young Turk movement, a shadowy network of exiles and intellectuals plotting to topple Sultan Abdulhamid II. This episode traces the heist from the bank vault to the coffeehouses of Beirut, where Lebanese and Ottoman dissidents mingled, to the secret cells in Paris and Cairo. It reveals how a single crime reshaped the political landscape of the late Ottoman Empire, and how Beirut's role as a hub of finance and sedition made it a target for imperial surveillance. Along the way, we explore the city's 1890s boom, the rise of the Committee of Union and Progress, and the forgotten figure of Mustafa Raghib, the bank clerk who turned revolutionary. This is a story of money, betrayal, and the fragile alliances that lit the fuse for the 1908 Revolution. #Beirut #OttomanBankHeist #YoungTurk #AbdulhamidII #1892 #CommitteeOfUnionAndProgress #MustafaRaghib #BeirutHistory #OttomanEmpire #Revolution #Exile #Coffeehouse #BankRobbery #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #Lebanon #1908Revolution Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1915: The Great Famine That Killed a Third of Mount Lebanon 05.07.2026 8min

  In 1915, as World War I raged across Europe, a quieter catastrophe unfolded in the mountains of Ottoman Lebanon. A combined blockade by Allied navies and the Ottoman Empire, locust swarms, and systemic corruption created a famine that killed an estimated 200,000 people — roughly one-third of Mount Lebanon's population. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the war turned Lebanon's breadbasket into a graveyard. They examine the role of Jamal Pasha, the Ottoman governor who weaponized food supplies against rebellious Christian communities; the Allied naval blockade that inadvertently tightened the screws; and the heroic efforts of figures like the American missionary William S. Buckler and the Syrian Relief Committee. They also discuss how the famine reshaped Lebanese identity, fueling emigration waves and deepening sectarian suspicions that would echo into the civil war decades later. Drawing on eyewitness accounts, diplomatic cables, and recent historical scholarship, this episode uncovers a tragedy that remains overshadowed by the war in Europe but is essential to understanding modern Lebanon. #Lebanon #GreatFamine #MountLebanon #Beirut #WorldWarI #JamalPasha #OttomanEmpire #Famine #LocustSwarm #AlliedBlockade #WilliamSBuckler #SyrianReliefCommittee #Emigration #Maronite #Druze #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1885 The Silk Merchant Who Defied an Empire 04.07.2026 5min

  In 1885, a Maronite silk merchant from Beirut named Nicolas Ibrahim Sursock stood up to the Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II over a land dispute in the Bekaa Valley. When the sultan tried to confiscate the Sursock family's vast estates, Nicolas used his connections in the French consulate and the local courts to fight back. The case reached the Sublime Porte in Constantinople, and Nicolas eventually won, but the confrontation revealed the fragile power balance between local elites and imperial authority in late Ottoman Syria. This episode explores the Sursock family's rise, their role in the silk trade that connected Beirut to Lyons, and how one man's defiance set a precedent for other Lebanese notables. It also touches on the legal system of the time, the influence of the Capitulations, and the beginnings of a Lebanese diaspora identity. #Beirut #SilkTrade #OttomanEmpire #SursockFamily #NicolasIbrahimSursock #LebanonHistory #AbdulhamidII #BekaaValley #Capitulations #Lyons #Maronite #19thCentury #LandDispute #SublimePorte #OttomanLaw #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1840: The Bombardment That Ended Egyptian Rule 04.07.2026 7min

  In 1840, a British-Ottoman-Austrian fleet bombarded Beirut and forced Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian army out of Lebanon, ending a decade of occupation. This episode explores the naval campaign, the Battle of Beirut, the role of Admiral Charles Napier, and how the city's skyline was reshaped by cannon fire. We discuss the shifting alliances between Muhammad Ali, the Sublime Porte, and European powers, and how local Maronite and Druze leaders like Bashir Shihab II and Bashir Jumblatt navigated the crisis. The episode also covers the Convention of London and the firmans that restored Ottoman control, setting the stage for the 1860 massacres and the Mutasarrifiyya system. A forgotten chapter of Lebanon's 19th-century wars that reveals how great power politics tore and remade the Levant. #Beirut1840 #IbrahimPasha #MuhammadAli #CharlesNapier #BattleofBeirut #EgyptianOccupation #BashirShihabII #BashirJumblatt #LondonConvention #OttomanEmpire #BritishNavy #Levant #19thCentury #NavalHistory #LebanonHistory #MiddleEastHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1832: Ibrahim Pasha and the Egyptian Occupation of Lebanon 03.07.2026 9min

  In 1832, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, marched into Greater Syria and began a decade-long occupation that shattered the old Ottoman order in Mount Lebanon. This episode explores how Egyptian rule brought unprecedented conscription, disarmament, and tax collection to the mountain villages, sparking the 1834 peasant revolt led by the Druze chieftain Bashir Jumblatt. We trace the rise of Ibrahim Pasha's modern army, the clash between centralized state power and local feudal autonomy, and the lasting scars left by the Egyptian withdrawal in 1840 — including the division of Mount Lebanon into two kaymakamates. Along the way, we meet the Maronite patriarch Yusuf al-Khazin, the Shihab emir Bashir II, and the British Admiral Robert Stopford who helped expel the Egyptians. This episode builds on earlier conversations about the 1840 peasant uprising and the 1860 massacres, filling in the crucial decade that set the stage for Lebanon's sectarian confessional system. #IbrahimPasha #MuhammadAli #EgyptianOccupation #GreaterSyria #MountLebanon #BashirJumblatt #1834PeasantRevolt #BashirShihabII #Tanzimat #OttomanEmpire #Druze #Maronite #Kaymakamate #1830s #FexingoHistory #BeirutHistory #LebanonHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1982: The Siege That Shattered the PLO's State Within a State 03.07.2026 9min

  In the summer of 1982, Israeli forces encircled West Beirut for ten weeks, bombarding the city in a bid to expel the Palestine Liberation Organization. This episode zooms in on the siege itself: the relentless shelling, the water and food shortages, the tense negotiations mediated by Philip Habib, and the final, fateful evacuation of Arafat and his fighters by sea. We look at how the siege reshaped Lebanese politics—empowering the Shia Amal movement as the PLO vacated, deepening the Maronite-Syrian rift, and setting the stage for the Sabra and Shatila massacre that followed. We also consider the human cost: thousands of civilian dead, the destruction of the city's cultural heart, and the enduring trauma that fuels Lebanon's collective memory. #Beirut1982 #SiegeOfBeirut #PLO #YasserArafat #PhilipHabib #SabraAndShatila #ArielSharon #WestBeirut #LebaneseCivilWar #AmalMovement #Maronite #Syria #Israel #OperationPeaceForGalilee #BeirutAirport #RaficHariri #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1907 The Coffeehouse that Brewed Revolution 02.07.2026 6min

  Long before militias carved up Beirut, a different kind of battlefield existed in its coffeehouses. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the forgotten story of the city's early 20th century qahwa — spaces where Ottoman officials, journalists, secret society members, and ordinary Beirutis gathered over tiny cups of bitter coffee to debate the future of the empire. Focusing on the years 1905–1908, we trace how the al-Qarantina and Bab Idriss coffeehouses became nerve centers for the Young Turk movement and Arab nationalist thought. We meet figures like the reformist Sheikh Abdelhamid al-Zahrawi and the journalist Rashid Rida, who used these informal parlors to circulate banned newspapers and hatch plans that would culminate in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. Drawing on Ottoman police records and memoirs, we reconstruct the smoky rooms where Syria's fate was argued long before any borders were drawn. This is a story about the power of conversation — and how a five-cent cup of coffee helped topple an empire. #BeirutHistory #CoffeehouseCulture #YoungTurks #OttomanEmpire #1908Revolution #ArabNationalism #RashidRida #AlQarantina #BabIdriss #Beirut1900s #AbdulhamidII #SheikhAbdulhamidAlZahrawi #Censorship #SecretSocieties #MiddleEastHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Lebanon Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1860: The Massacre That Changed Lebanon Forever 01.07.2026 7min

  In 1860, sectarian violence erupted across Mount Lebanon, culminating in a massacre of thousands of Christians by Druze and Muslim forces. This episode explores the causes—from feudal tensions to Ottoman reforms—and the aftermath: the French military intervention and the creation of the Mutasarrifiyya, a Christian-governed autonomous region that reshaped Lebanese identity. We discuss the role of the Druze Jumblatt family, the Maronite clergy, and the European powers, and how this event set the stage for Lebanon's modern confessional system. #Lebanon #MountLebanon #1860Massacre #Druze #Maronite #OttomanEmpire #Mutasarrifiyya #Jumblatt #FrenchIntervention #SectarianConflict #LebaneseHistory #19thCentury #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #Beirut #Christians #Kisrawan Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1918: The Ottoman Exit That Changed Everything 01.07.2026 6min

  In October 1918, as the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Beirut was cut loose from four centuries of imperial rule. This episode follows the chaotic transition in the days after the Ottoman withdrawal: the establishment of a makeshift Arab government under Faisal's banner, the arrival of French warships, and the power vacuum that pitted local notables, Allied interests, and emerging nationalist factions against each other. We focus on the brief Arab administration of Shukri al-Ayyubi and the role of the Beirut Reform Society in shaping post-war expectations. Through the eyes of observers like American consul William S. Buckler and Lebanese historian Asad Rustum, we trace how the city's elites navigated competing promises from Britain, France, and the Arab Revolt. The episode examines the fateful decisions made in those weeks, from the hoisting of the Arab flag over the Serail to the quiet negotiations that paved the way for French control. It's a story of hope, confusion, and the seeds of later conflict. #Beirut1918 #OttomanWithdrawal #ArabGovernment #Faisal #ShukriAlAyyubi #ArabRevolt #FrenchMandate #BeirutHistory #WorldWarI #SykesPicot #BeirutReformSociety #WilliamSBuckler #AsadRustum #ArabFlag #MiddleEastHistory #LebanonHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1919: The Paris Peace Conference That Lebanon Almost Got 30.06.2026 6min

  In 1919, as the Great Powers carved up the Ottoman Empire at the Paris Peace Conference, a small delegation from Mount Lebanon arrived in Versailles with a bold demand: an independent state, not a French mandate. Led by the Maronite Patriarch Elias al-Huwayyik, they lobbied for a Greater Lebanon that included the Bekaa Valley and the coastal cities—but ran into opposition from Syrian nationalists, Druze notables, and even some of their own Sunni neighbors. This episode unpacks the forgotten diplomacy of the Lebanese delegation at Paris, the competing petitions from Muslim and Druze communities, and the quiet deal-making that ultimately gave France the green light to create Lebanon as we know it. We explore the backroom meetings, the secret correspondence with Henri Gouraud, and the bitter irony that the same Patriarch who fought for Lebanese sovereignty would live to see French troops enforce that sovereignty with violence. A story of hope, manipulation, and the birth of a nation that was never quite born. #ParisPeaceConference #EliasHuwayyik #GreaterLebanon #MountLebanon #1919 #FrenchMandate #HenriGouraud #SyrianNationalism #Druze #BekaaValley #Maronite #LebaneseIndependence #WorldWarI #SelfDetermination #Diplomacy #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1905: The Railroad That Redrew Lebanon 30.06.2026 8min

  In 1905, a French-backed railway opened between Beirut and Rayak in the Bekaa Valley, linking the Mediterranean to the Ottoman hinterland. This episode dives into how the line—part of the wider Damascus-Hama and Extensions network—transformed Lebanon's economy, reshaped its sectarian geography, and sparked new tensions between port merchants, mountain landowners, and Ottoman authorities. We follow the line's construction through the steep gorges of the Mount Lebanon range, the engineering feats and the labor of local and Syrian workers, and the political maneuvering of Sultan Abdulhamid II, French financiers, and Beirut's rising Christian and Muslim commercial elite. The railroad made Beirut the dominant port of Bilad al-Sham and triggered a property boom and demographic shifts in the Bekaa. But it also deepened regional inequalities and fed the rivalries that would later fuel the 1958 crisis and the civil war. This is the story of how a train line changed a country—before the tracks were even laid. #Beirut1905 #RayakRailroad #OttomanRailways #BekaaValley #MountLebanon #SultanAbdulhamidII #FrenchImperialism #DamascusHamaRailway #BiladAlSham #PortOfBeirut #LebaneseEconomy #SectarianGeography #EngineeringHistory #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #History #Lebanon #RailroadHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• When Lebanon's Cedars Became a Weapon: The 1973 Fire Campaign 29.06.2026 8min

  In the spring of 1973, as Lebanon's political system cracked under demographic pressure, a mysterious wave of forest fires swept the Chouf and Matn mountains. Thousands of acres of ancient cedar and pine groves—some centuries old—went up in smoke. The fires were not natural; they were strategic. This episode follows the arson campaign that targeted Druze and Maronite villages alike, the failed response by the Forestry Department, and the political firestorm that followed. We explore how the cedars, Lebanon's national symbol, became a tool of intimidation and displacement in the run-up to civil war. Featuring the testimony of forestry engineer Michel Sfeir, the little-known role of the Lebanese Army's Second Bureau, and the environmental scars that remain visible from space. A story of sabotage, survival, and the slow-burning fuse that lit the mountain. #Lebanon #CedarsOfLebanon #Chouf #Matn #1973Fires #EnvironmentalHistory #LebaneseCivilWar #ForestFires #SecondBureau #MichelSfeir #Druze #Maronite #Arson #MiddleEastHistory #LebanonHistory #FexingoHistory #History #ClimateConflict Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1925: The Great Syrian Revolt and Lebanon's Fractured Soul 29.06.2026 5min

  In 1925, a Druze rebellion in southern Syria spiraled into a full-blown uprising against French rule that threatened to engulf the newly created state of Greater Lebanon. This episode follows the revolt from its spark in Jabal al-Druze to the French bombardment of Damascus, and examines how Lebanese communities—Maronite, Sunni, Druze, and Shia—responded differently. We focus on the neglected role of the Shia peasants of Jabal Amil, who briefly rose in sympathy with the rebels, and on the political calculations of Maronite patriarch Elias al-Huwayyik, who saw the revolt as a threat to Christian Lebanon. Through the lens of the French general Maurice Sarrail and the Druze leader Sultan al-Atrash, we explore how the revolt tested the fragile borders and sectarian compromises of the French Mandate, and how its brutal suppression hardened communal identities for decades to come. #GreatSyrianRevolt1925 #SultanAlAtrash #FrenchMandate #MauriceSarrail #JabalAlDruze #GreaterLebanon #EliasAlHuwayyik #JabalAmil #DamascusBombardment #Maronite #Druze #Sunni #Shia #1925 #LebanonHistory #SyriaHistory #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• The Mountain That Burned: Lebanon's 1840 Peasant Uprising 28.06.2026 6min

  Long before the 1860 massacres or the civil war, Mount Lebanon saw a brutal uprising of Maronite peasants against their Druze feudal lords in 1840. This episode explores the revolt's rural roots, the role of Christian clergy like Bishop Tobia Aoun, the intervention of Egyptian and Ottoman forces, and how the uprising deepened sectarian divisions while also revealing class tensions that centuries of chroniclers have often ignored. Key figures include Emir Bashir Shihab II, who betrayed his own people, and the rebel leader Abu Samra Ghanem. The episode draws on French consul reports and local chronicles to reconstruct a forgotten moment when Lebanon's mountain peasants took history into their own hands. #LebanonHistory #MountLebanon #1840Uprising #Maronite #Druze #PeasantRevolt #EmirBashirShihab #AbuSamraGhanem #EgyptianOccupation #OttomanEmpire #ClassConflict #Sectarianism #Feudalism #19thCentury #MiddleEastHistory #PeasantRebellion #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1922: The Missionary School That Educated a Nation 28.06.2026 6min

  In 1922, the American Mission Press in Beirut published the first Arabic typewriter, a milestone born from the city's long tradition of missionary education. This episode explores how the Syrian Protestant College—later the American University of Beirut—became a crucible for Arab intellectual life in the early 20th century. We look at the role of figures like Daniel Bliss and Cornelius Van Dyck, the translation of modern science into Arabic by men like Youssef al-Asir, and the complex legacy of these institutions: their role in nurturing Arab nationalism, their tensions with Ottoman authorities, and the uneasy marriage of Western missionary goals with local aspirations. The story touches on the influential literary society Al-Urwa al-Wuthqa, the founding of the American University's medical school, and the quiet revolution of girls' education at the British Syrian Training College. This episode goes beyond the usual narrative of missionaries as cultural imperialists to examine a genuine intellectual exchange that helped shape modern Lebanon—and the Arab world—on its own terms. #Beirut1922 #MissionaryEducation #AmericanUniversityBeirut #DanielBliss #CorneliusVanDyck #YoussefAlAsir #ArabicTypewriter #AlUrwaAlWuthqa #SyrianProtestantCollege #ArabNationalism #OttomanEmpire #EducationHistory #LebanonHistory #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #History #Podcast #20thCentury Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1898: The French Consul Who Saved a City from the Desert 27.06.2026 6min

  Long before cars and highways, the Beirut-Damascus road was the city's economic lifeline—and a chokepoint for Ottoman control. In 1898, an ambitious French consul named Joseph Garabed negotiated a contract to build a modern carriage road across the rugged Mount Lebanon range, connecting Beirut's thriving port to the Syrian interior. But the project faced sabotage from local warlords, extortion by Druze chieftains, and competition from a rival British scheme. Lucas and Luna trace the engineering feats, the political intrigue, and the surprising role of an Algerian exile who knew the terrain better than any European. This episode reveals how a single road reshaped Lebanon's economy, triggered a shift in regional power from Damascus to the coast, and set the stage for the French Mandate—all before the first car ever reached Beirut. #Beirut1898 #JosephGarabed #BeirutDamascusRoad #MountLebanon #OttomanEmpire #FrenchConsul #Druze #AlgerianExile #CarriageRoad #TradeRoute #PortOfBeirut #SyrianInterior #Modernization #19thCentury #Infrastructure #ImperialRivalry #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1878: The Drought That Drowned the Silk Trade 27.06.2026 7min

  Long before the Civil War or the French Mandate, a natural disaster reshaped Lebanon's economy and society. In 1878, a severe drought followed by torrential rains devastated the mulberry groves of Mount Lebanon, collapsing the silk industry that had made Beirut the 'Paris of the Levant.' This episode follows the fall of the Sursock silk empire, the flight of peasants to Beirut's slums, and the first wave of Lebanese emigration to the Americas. We explore how a single ecological shock broke the feudal bonds tying farmers to landlords, accelerated the shift toward cash crops like olives and tobacco, and planted the seeds of the diaspora that would later finance the Lebanese state. Drawing on consular reports from the British consul in Beirut, George Jackson Eldridge, and the archives of the Pharaon family, we trace how the drought of 1878 triggered a chain reaction that ended the era of silk and forced Greater Lebanon to reinvent itself. #Beirut1878 #SilkTrade #MountLebanon #MulberryGroves #SursockFamily #PharaonFamily #GeorgeJacksonEldridge #LebaneseDiaspora #OttomanEmpire #Sericulture #Drought #EconomicHistory #BeirutSlums #Emigration #Maronite #Druze #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
• Beirut 1958: The Coup That Almost Was 26.06.2026 8min

  In 1958, Lebanon teetered on the brink of civil war as President Camille Chamoun's bid for a second term ignited a simmering conflict between pro-Western Maronite elites and Arab nationalist factions backed by Gamal Abdel Nasser's United Arab Republic. This episode tells the story of the 1958 crisis through the lens of the short-lived rebel 'Government of the Republic of All Lebanon' based in Tripoli, the role of Rashid Karami and the Sunni establishment, and the dramatic U.S. Marine landing on Beirut's beaches—the first application of the Eisenhower Doctrine. We explore how the crisis reshaped Lebanon's fragile confessional pact, why Chamoun ultimately stepped down, and how the events set the stage for the country's descent into full-scale war seventeen years later. Drawing on declassified CIA cables, memoirs of key players like Charles Malik and Kamal Jumblatt, and the forgotten story of the 'People's Resistance' militias in the Chouf, this episode uncovers a pivotal moment when Lebanon's survival was anything but certain. #1958LebanonCrisis #CamilleChamoun #RashidKarami #GamalAbdelNasser #EisenhowerDoctrine #UnitedArabRepublic #CharlesMalik #KamalJumblatt #Beirut #TripoliLebanon #Chouf #LebaneseCivilWarOrigins #MaronitePolitics #SunniLebanon #ArabNationalism #ColdWarMiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo