The Crusades: Religion, Power, and Endless War — Fexingo History

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  The Assassins of Alamut Crusaders and the Nizari Ismailis 31.07.2026 9хв

  In this episode of The Crusades: Religion, Power, and Endless War, Lucas and Luna dive into the shadowy world of the Nizari Ismailis, better known as the Assassins. From their mountaintop fortress of Alamut in Persia to their Syrian stronghold of Masyaf, the Assassins forged a unique relationship with the Crusader states. We explore the enigmatic figure of Rashid ad-Din Sinan, the 'Old Man of the Mountain,' and his network of fida'i (devoted agents) who inspired terror through targeted political killings. Key events include the assassination of Conrad of Montferrat in 1192, the tribute paid by the Knights Templar and Hospitallers, and the order's eventual destruction by the Mongols in 1256 and Mamluks in 1273. We separate fact from medieval legend—did the Assassins really use hashish? Were they hired killers? And how did they coexist with their Christian and Muslim neighbours? This episode sheds light on a misunderstood group that shaped the politics of the Crusader era. #Assassins #NizariIsmaili #Alamut #Crusades #MiddleEast #RashidAdDinSinan #OldManOfTheMountain #ConradOfMontferrat #Masyaf #Mongols #Mamluks #Baybars #History #MedievalHistory #ShiaIslam #Fortresses #Assassination #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Fall of Acre 1291: Crusaders' Last Stand 30.07.2026 7хв

  In 1291, the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil laid siege to Acre, the last great crusader stronghold. This episode unpacks the final months of the city, the bitter divisions among the defenders (Templars, Hospitallers, the crown of Jerusalem, and the Italian communes), and the relentless Mamluk siegecraft — from massive trebuchets named 'Victory' to the undermining of walls. We draw on the chronicles of Abu'l-Fida and the Templar of Tyre to recount the desperate defense, the breach, and the bloody aftermath that ended two centuries of crusader rule on the mainland. Why did Acre fall when earlier sieges had failed? How did the loss reshape both Europe's crusading dreams and Mamluk power? A story of hubris, heroism, and the end of an era. #Acre1291 #al-AshrafKhalil #Mamluk #CrusaderStates #SiegeOfAcre #Qalawun #Templars #Hospitallers #HenryIIOfJerusalem #Abulfida #TemplarOfTyre #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #Medieval #Trebuchet #Outremer #FallOfAcre Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Siege of Antioch: Crusaders, the Holy Lance, and Betrayal 30.07.2026 7хв

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna delve into the dramatic Siege of Antioch (1097–1098), a turning point of the First Crusade. They explore the grueling eight-month siege, the discovery of the Holy Lance by a poor pilgrim named Peter Bartholomew, and the role of Bohemond of Taranto in capturing the city. The conversation also covers the crusaders' desperate battle against Kerbogha of Mosul, the controversial authenticity of the relic, and how the victory led to the establishment of the Principality of Antioch. Along the way, they touch on the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, the desertion of Stephen of Blois, and the reports of cannibalism among the starving crusaders. This episode offers a fresh angle on the First Crusade, focusing on one of its most harrowing and miraculous events. #Antioch #FirstCrusade #HolyLance #Bohemond #Kerbogha #PeterBartholomew #AlexiosI #Crusades #1098 #MiddleEast #Byzantine #Relic #Faith #MedievalHistory #Siege #CrusaderStates #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The People's Crusade: Peasants, Pogroms, and Disaster 29.07.2026 5хв

  In 1096, before the nobles and knights of the First Crusade even departed, a massive army of commoners led by the charismatic preacher Peter the Hermit set out to liberate Jerusalem. What followed was a tragic and brutal episode: massacres of Jewish communities in the Rhineland, internal strife, and finally annihilation at the hands of the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Civetot. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the motivations, horrors, and lessons of the People's Crusade—a stark reminder that not all crusaders were armored knights. Featuring details on Peter the Hermit, Walter Sans-Avoir, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, Sultan Kilij Arslan, and the forgotten dead of 1096. #PeopleCrusade #PeterTheHermit #FirstCrusade #SeljukTurks #Civetot #RhinelandPogroms #WalterSansAvoir #ByzantineEmpire #AlexiosI #KilijArslan #Nicaea #History #Crusades #MedievalHistory #FexingoHistory #PeasantArmy #ReligiousViolence #1096 Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  When Crusaders Allied with the Mongols: The Battle of Ain Jalut 29.07.2026 5хв

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore one of the most surprising alliances in crusader history: the partnership between the crusader states and the Mongol Ilkhanate. They delve into the diplomatic missions sent by Pope Innocent IV, including John of Plano Carpini's perilous journey to the Mongol court, and the later cooperation under Hulagu. The conversation covers the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the joint capture of Aleppo in 1260, and the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut where the Mamluks defeated the Mongols. They examine the motivations of leaders like Bohemond VI and King Hetoum I of Armenia, and the tragic consequences for the crusader states when the alliance collapsed. Lucas explains how this alliance could have altered the course of the Crusades and reflects on the what-ifs of history. #Crusades #Mongols #Hulagu #AinJalut #Mamluks #BohemondVI #HetoumI #InnocentIV #JohnofPlanoCarpini #Kitbuqa #Baybars #Qutuz #Nestorian #Ilkhanate #CrusaderStates #History #FexingoHistory #MedievalWarfare Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Knights Hospitaller: From Hospital to Fortress Builders 28.07.2026 5хв

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Order of Saint John — the Knights Hospitaller — who began as a humble hospital for pilgrims in 11th-century Jerusalem and evolved into one of the crusader states' most formidable military orders. They trace the Hospitallers' origins under Blessed Gerard, their militarization under Raymond du Puy, and the construction of legendary fortresses like Krak des Chevaliers and Marqab. The conversation covers the order's role in the Battle of Hattin, where Grand Master Roger de Moulins was killed, their rivalry with the Templars, and their last stand during the Siege of Acre in 1291 under Grand Master Jean de Villiers. Along the way, they discuss the daily life of the knights, their medical legacy, and how the order eventually relocated to Rhodes. This episode offers a fresh look at a crusading order often overshadowed by the Templars, revealing its unique blend of piety, warfare, and hospitality. #KnightsHospitaller #OrderOfStJohn #KrakDesChevaliers #BlessedGerard #RaymondDuPuy #RogerDeMoulins #JeanDeVilliers #CrusaderCastles #Marqab #SiegeOfAcre1291 #CrusaderStates #HospitalOfStJohn #BattleOfHattin #MedievalMilitaryOrders #Crusades #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Seventh Crusade: Louis IX's Egyptian Campaign and the Battle of Al-Mansurah 28.07.2026 6хв

  In 1248, King Louis IX of France launched a crusade aimed at Egypt, the heart of Ayyubid power. This episode follows his massive fleet to Damietta, the bloody Battle of Al-Mansurah, and the king's eventual capture and ransom. We explore the leadership of Louis, the rise of the Bahri Mamluks, and the devastating cost of this holy war. Specific figures include as-Salih Ayyub, Robert of Artois, and the Mamluk commander Baybars. A story of faith, folly, and the shifting sands of medieval power. #SeventhCrusade #LouisIX #AlMansurah #Damietta #Ayyubid #BahriMamluks #Baybars #RobertOfArtois #Crusades #MedievalHistory #Egypt #FexingoHistory #History #MilitaryHistory #MedievalFrance #as-SalihAyyub #CrusaderFailures #HolyWar Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Frederick II's Diplomatic Crusade: How an Emperor Won Jerusalem Without a Battle 27.07.2026 5хв

  In 1229, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II entered Jerusalem not as a conqueror but as a diplomat. Excommunicated, despised by the Papacy, and fluent in Arabic, he negotiated the return of the Holy City through the Treaty of Jaffa with Sultan al-Kamil. This episode explores the Sixth Crusade — a strange, forgotten conflict where no sword was drawn, yet Jerusalem was regained. We follow Frederick's journey from Sicily to Acre, his delicate dance with the excommunicating Pope Gregory IX, and the unlikely alliance with the Teutonic Order's Hermann von Salza. Why did al-Kamil cede Jerusalem? How did Christian leaders react to a 'crusade' led by a man under papal ban? And why did the peace last only fifteen years? Unpack the contradictions of a crusade that was both a triumph and a scandal. #SixthCrusade #FrederickII #al-Kamil #TreatyOfJaffa #HermannVonSalza #Jerusalem #Diplomacy #HolyRomanEmperor #TeutonicOrder #Papacy #CrusaderKingdom #AyyubidSultanate #Excommunication #HaramAlSharif #MedievalHistory #Crusades #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Fall of Edessa 1144: How One Siege Sparked a Second Crusade 27.07.2026 7хв

  In December 1144, the crusader city of Edessa fell to the Turkish atabeg Zengi, shattering the first crusader state and sending shockwaves across Europe. This episode dives into the siege itself—the miscalculations of Count Joscelin II, the desperate defense by Bishop Hugh, and Zengi's brutal yet calculated assault. We explore Edessa's unique position as a Christian enclave in the midst of Muslim territory, the complex politics that left it isolated, and the immediate aftermath: the rise of the Second Crusade. Along the way, we touch on Zengi's legacy, the role of the Armenian population, and why this forgotten turning point reshaped the entire Crusades narrative. Featuring specific details from chroniclers like William of Tyre and Ibn al-Athir. #Crusades #Edessa #1144 #Zengi #JoscelinII #BishopHugh #SecondCrusade #Siege #CrusaderStates #MedievalHistory #ByzantineEmpire #Urfa #Outremer #CountJoscelin #Atabeg #SiegeWarfare #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Second Crusade: The Disaster That Backfired 26.07.2026 5хв

  In 1144, the fall of Edessa to Zengi sent shockwaves through Europe, prompting the Second Crusade—a massive expedition led by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. But from the outset, everything went wrong: a disastrous march through Anatolia, a failed siege of Damascus that ended in a humiliating withdrawal. This episode explores how the crusaders' lack of coordination, poor intelligence, and internal betrayals handed a strategic victory to the Muslim world under Nur ad-Din. Drawing on accounts from William of Tyre, Ibn al-Qalanisi, and the chronicle of Otto of Freising, we unpack the pivotal moments—the battle near Dorylaeum, the puzzling reversal at Damascus—that transformed the crusader states' fortunes. We also examine the role of Eleanor of Aquitaine and the growing rift between Franks and crusaders. This is not the glory of Jerusalem 1099; it is a cautionary tale of overreach and consequence. #SecondCrusade #Edessa #Zengi #Nur_ad-Din #LouisVII #ConradIII #EleanorofAquitaine #Damascus #SiegeofDamascus #Crusades #WilliamofTyre #Ibn_al-Qalanisi #OttoofFreising #MedievalHistory #MiddleEast #CrusaderStates #Outremer #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Venice, Genoa, and the Crusades: The Maritime Republics 26.07.2026 5хв

  Beyond the knights and kings, the Crusades were powered by the great Italian maritime republics—Venice, Genoa, and Pisa. These city-states supplied the ships, loans, and naval muscle that made the Crusader states viable. This episode explores how they carved out trading colonies in Acre and Tyre, built state-of-the-art galleys in the Venetian Arsenal, and fought each other for commercial dominance. We'll discuss the 'Pactum Warmundi' with Genoa, the role of the Pisans in the Siege of Jerusalem, and how Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo used the Fourth Crusade to break Byzantine competition. Ultimately, the republics' profit-driven approach both enabled and undermined the crusading ideal—and their legacy of mercantile power outlasted the Kingdom of Jerusalem itself. #MaritimeRepublics #Genoa #Venice #Pisa #Crusades #History #FexingoHistory #Medieval #NavalWarfare #Trade #Outremer #Acre #Tyre #Arsenal #Galley #EnricoDandolo #GodfreyofBouillon #ItalianCityStates Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  Baldwin IV the Leper King Who Defied Saladin at Montgisard 25.07.2026 7хв

  Baldwin IV of Jerusalem is one of history's most remarkable figures: a king who ruled with leprosy, led his army from horseback despite his disease, and at just 16 years old crushed Saladin's invasion at the Battle of Montgisard in 1177. This episode explores Baldwin's childhood, his diagnosis at a young age, the intricate politics of the Crusader kingdom as his health declined, and the factional struggles between his regents—especially Raymond of Tripoli and Guy de Lusignan—that would ultimately unravel his hard-won gains. Drawing on the chronicles of William of Tyre, who tutored Baldwin, and Arab sources like Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, we trace how Baldwin's heroic early reign gave way to internal betrayal and set the stage for Hattin. We also examine the brutal reality of medieval leprosy and the strategies Baldwin used to project strength despite his wasting body. A story of courage, court intrigue, and the tragic fragility of the Crusader kingdom. #BaldwinIV #Montgisard #LeperKing #Crusades #Outremer #Saladin #Ayyubid #KnightsHospitaller #KnightsTemplar #RaymondOfTripoli #GuyDeLusignan #WilliamOfTyre #Leprosy #BattleOfMontgisard #History #FexingoHistory #MedievalHistory #CrusaderKingdom Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Crusader Queen Who Defied Saladin: Sibylla of Jerusalem 24.07.2026 7хв

  In 1187, as Saladin's armies closed in on Jerusalem, one woman stood at the heart of the crumbling kingdom: Queen Sibylla. While her husband Guy de Lusignan blundered at Hattin, Sibylla organized Jerusalem's defenses, negotiated with Saladin, and ultimately surrendered the holy city. This episode explores her life — from her childhood in the crusader states to her controversial marriage, her role in the succession crisis, and her final stand. Drawing on William of Tyre, the Old French Continuation, and Arab chroniclers like Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, we examine how Sibylla navigated a world of ruthless politics, religious fervor, and military catastrophe. Was she a tragic figure, a shrewd survivor, or a catalyst for the kingdom's fall? #Crusades #SibyllaOfJerusalem #QueensOfTheCrusades #KingdomOfJerusalem #Saladin #GuyDeLusignan #Hattin #SiegeOfJerusalem1187 #BahaAlDinIbnShaddad #WilliamOfTyre #OldFrenchContinuation #Ayyubid #Outremer #12thCentury #MedievalHistory #WomenInHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Siege of Jerusalem 1099: Crusaders' Bloody Conquest 24.07.2026 8хв

  In 1099, after a grueling three-year march across Europe and Asia Minor, the armies of the First Crusade finally reached the walls of Jerusalem. This episode reconstructs the siege and the ensuing massacre from multiple perspectives: the crusader chronicles of Raymond of Aguilers and the anonymous Gesta Francorum, along with the Muslim accounts of Ibn al-Athir and al-Azimi. We follow the desperate preparations of the Fatimid governor Iftikhar al-Dawla, the decisive role of the Byzantine siege engines brought by the Genoese fleet at Jaffa, and the final assault on July 15. We examine the contested body count — was it 70,000 dead as some claim, or a smaller but still horrific number? — and the theological mindset that led crusaders to wade through blood in the Temple Mount. We also discuss the immediate aftermath: the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem under Godfrey of Bouillon, and the political fallout in the Muslim world that would eventually galvanize a response under Zengi and Saladin. For listeners already familiar with the later crusades, this episode provides the founding act — an event that shaped centuries of conflict. #FirstCrusade #SiegeOfJerusalem1099 #Crusaders #GodfreyOfBouillon #RaymondOfAguilers #GestaFrancorum #IbnAlAthir #IftikharAlDawla #TempleMount #Fatimid #GenoeseFleet #Jaffa #MedievalWarfare #Crusades #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast #Jerusalem Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Peace of Jaffa 1192: Richard and Saladin's Fragile Truce 23.07.2026 6хв

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Peace of Jaffa, the 1192 treaty that ended the Third Crusade. They examine the negotiations between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin, mediated by al-Adil, which allowed Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem while leaving the city under Muslim control. The episode delves into the terms of the truce, the motivations of both leaders, and the mixed reactions from crusaders and Ayyubids. It also covers the fate of the Treaty of Jaffa after Richard's departure, including its collapse in 1197 and the subsequent Crusade of Henry VI. Key sources like Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad and the Itinerarium Peregrinorum are cited, and the episode touches on the human toll of the war and the legacy of the truce in crusader-Muslim relations. #PeaceOfJaffa #ThirdCrusade #RichardTheLionheart #Saladin #AlAdil #BahaAlDinIbnShaddad #ItinerariumPeregrinorum #Ayyubid #CrusaderStates #Jerusalem #Acre #Truce1192 #HenryVI #CrusadeOf1197 #MedievalDiplomacy #Outremer #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Fourth Crusade: When Crusaders Sacked Constantinople 23.07.2026 8хв

  The Fourth Crusade is one of the most bewildering episodes in medieval history. In 1202, an army of crusaders assembled in Venice, intending to attack Egypt, the heart of Ayyubid power. Instead, they ended up sacking Constantinople, the Christian capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 1204. How did this happen? In this episode of The Crusades: Religion, Power, and Endless War, Lucas and Luna trace the tangled chain of events: the cunning diplomacy of the blind doge Enrico Dandolo, the crusaders' massive debt to Venice, the diversion to Zara, the intervention of the young Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos, and the siege of Constantinople that spiraled into a horrific three-day sack. They explore the motivations—greed, desperation, and religious schism—and the aftermath: the establishment of the Latin Empire, the exacerbation of the East-West Schism, and the permanent weakening of Byzantium, which made it vulnerable to the Ottoman Turks. Drawing on primary sources like Robert of Clari and Geoffrey of Villehardouin, this episode examines a crusade that betrayed its own ideals and reshaped the medieval world. #FourthCrusade #ByzantineEmpire #Constantinople #EnricoDandolo #AlexiosIVAngelos #SackOfConstantinople1204 #LatinEmpire #Venice #Zara #Crusades #MedievalHistory #EastWestSchism #RobertOfClari #GeoffreyOfVillehardouin #Ayyubid #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Children's Crusade: When Thousands March to Their Doom 22.07.2026 6хв

  In 1212, two waves of thousands of children and poor peasants set out from France and Germany to peacefully reclaim Jerusalem. One led by a shepherd boy named Stephen of Cloyes, the other by a German boy named Nicholas of Cologne. They believed the Holy Land would open before their innocence. Instead, many died of hunger and disease crossing the Alps, were sold into slavery in Marseille, or were turned back by church authorities. Drawing on the chronicles of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, the Chronicon Montis Sereni, and the Anonymous of Laon, we piece together what really happened—and what didn't. No, the children were not literally sold to Egyptian slave traders by ship captains; that legend appears decades later. But the core tragedy is true: a movement born of desperation, fueled by sermons and portents, that ended in catastrophe. This episode explores the social and religious context that made the Children's Crusade possible, the different fates of the French and German bands, and why the story still haunts us. #ChildrensCrusade #StephenOfCloyes #NicholasOfCologne #Crusades #MedievalHistory #1212 #AlbericOfTroisFontaines #ChroniconMontisSereni #AnonymousOfLaon #Marseille #Genoa #FifthCrusade #PopularCrusade #MedievalReligion #PeasantCrusade #Tragedy #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Crusader States After Saladin Ayyubid Diplomacy and Truce 22.07.2026 5хв

  After Saladin's death in 1193, his Ayyubid empire fractured among his sons and brother al-Adil. This episode explores how the Crusader states survived not by military might but by exploiting Ayyubid divisions and negotiating truces. We focus on the diplomatic maneuvers of King Aimery of Cyprus and Jerusalem, who secured a five-year truce with al-Adil in 1198, and the pivotal role of the Hospitallers and Templars in undermining peace. Through the accounts of Ibn al-Athir and the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, we see how internal Ayyubid rivalry over Damascus, Cairo, and Aleppo gave the Crusaders breathing room. The episode also examines the controversial truce of 1204 between al-Adil and the Crusaders, which allowed Muslim trade to flow through Acre while the Crusaders avoided attack. A lesser-known figure, Reginald of Sidon, emerges as a diplomat who negotiated with al-Adil directly. This is the story of how the Crusader kingdom outlasted its greatest enemy through pragmatism and luck. #Ayyubid #CrusaderStates #alAdil #Aimery #ReginaldOfSidon #Hospitallers #Templars #IbnAlAthir #OldFrenchContinuation #TruceOf1198 #TruceOf1204 #Acre #Damascus #Cairo #Aleppo #MedievalDiplomacy #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Horns of Hattin: How Saladin Destroyed the Crusader Kingdom 21.07.2026 8хв

  In this episode, Lucas and Luna return to one of the most decisive battles of the Crusades: the Battle of Hattin in 1187. They explore the strategic blunders of King Guy de Lusignan, the cunning leadership of Saladin, and the fateful march across the arid plateau that led to the annihilation of the Crusader army. The conversation covers the loss of the True Cross, the execution of Raynald de Châtillon, and the immediate aftermath that saw Jerusalem fall weeks later. Drawing on accounts from Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad and Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, they unpack how Hattin became the death blow to the Kingdom of Jerusalem and set the stage for the Third Crusade. #BattleOfHattin #Saladin #GuyDeLusignan #RaynaldDeChatillon #TrueCross #Crusades #Ayyubid #HornsOfHattin #Tiberias #BahaAlDinIbnShaddad #ImadAlDinAlIsfahani #KnightsTemplar #Hospitallers #KingdomOfJerusalem #Outremer #ThirdCrusade #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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  The Siege of Acre 1189-1191: Crusaders vs Ayyubids 21.07.2026 7хв

  In 1189, Guy de Lusignan arrived outside Acre with a few thousand men and began what would become the longest siege of the crusades. Over nearly two years, the Ayyubid garrison held out against a crusader army that swelled to tens of thousands, while Saladin's relief forces launched repeated attacks from the surrounding hills. This episode explores the daily realities of the siege: the construction of counter-fortifications, the role of Italian naval reinforcements, the use of Greek fire and mangonels, and the desperate diplomacy between Saladin and the crusader leaders, including Conrad of Montferrat and Richard the Lionheart. Drawing on eyewitness accounts from Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, the Itinerarium Peregrinorum, and Ibn al-Athir, we examine how starvation, disease, and shifting alliances shaped the conflict. The fall of Acre in July 1191 marked a turning point, delivering a key port to the crusaders and setting the stage for the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa. But the siege also exposed deep fractures within the crusader camp — tensions that would outlast the war itself. #SiegeOfAcre #Crusades #Saladin #GuyDeLusignan #ConradOfMontferrat #RichardTheLionheart #Ayyubid #BahaAlDin #ItinerariumPeregrinorum #IbnAlAthir #GreekFire #Mangonels #CrusaderKingdom #Acre #ThirdCrusade #History #FexingoHistory #MedievalWarfare Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo